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Logic gates have one or more inputs and a single output. For each logic gate in Column A in the table below enter the output, either 0 or 1, in Column B.
| Column A Logic gate with input(s) | Column B Output (0 or 1) | |---|---| | ![Logic gate with input 1 and 1](Image unavailable) | 1 | | ![Logic gate with input 0 and 1](Image unavailable) | 0 | | ![Logic gate with input 1](Image unavailable) | 0 | | ![Logic gate with input 1 and 0](Image unavailable) | 1 | | ![Logic g...
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What is the output displayed by the following Python code? ```python number = 27 while number < 39: print(number, end=" ") number = number + 3 ```
27 30 33 36 Each correct value in order (x 4) 1 mark Space between each value 2 marks
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Express the decimal number 121 as an 8-bit binary number.
0111 1001 Correct including leading zero 6 marks Correct without leading zero 5 marks For each calculation error deduct 2 marks Response with some merit 2 marks
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Figure 1 shows a row of black and white discs with their position numbers shown under each square. There are only two ways to move a disc: 1. Move into an empty square one position to the left or right, for example 1 → 2 means move the disc from square 1 to square 2. 2. Jump in either direction over a single adjacent d...
Full correct solution 6 marks Four or more correct steps in the correct order 4 marks Response with some merit 2 marks
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The history of computer hardware is marked by significant milestones that have driven advancements in computing capabilities. Six key milestones between the 1930s and the 1980s are shown in Figure below. Choose one of the milestones from Figure and explain its significance.
Turing Machines  First abstract model for computability  If something was computable it could be computer by a Turing Machine  They were used to prove that not everything was computable i.e. limits of computation Transistors  Replaced bulky and less reliable vacuum tubes, enabling the development of smaller, f...
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Consider a social networking mobile application designed for teenagers. Provide one example of a unit test case and one example of a system test case that might be carried out during the development process.
Examples of Unit Test Cases  Update user's profile picture.  Posting content o messaging - sending /receiving messages, o image sharing  Connecting with friends  Displaying online status,  Privacy settings, work correctly (on their own)  Evaluate all execution paths (or as many as possible)  An...
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Computing technologies continue to evolve at a rapid pace. Some of the current emerging trends include:  Quantum Computing  Edge Computing  Internet of Things (IoT)  Biometric Authentication and  Blockchain Technology Pick any one of the above and briefly describe one potential advantage and one potential d...
Potential Advantages of Quantum Computing  Speed - quantum computers have the potential to solve certain problems much faster than classical computers. This can lead to breakthroughs in fields such as cryptography, medicine, climate modelling etc. Potential Disadvantages of Quantum Computing  Cost – quantum comput...
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RAM and ROM are two types of primary memory used to store data. Provide one example of data that might be stored in RAM and one example of data that might be stored in ROM.
Data in RAM  System Software e.g. operating system  Application Software e.g. office productivity software  Programs e.g. python programs and data e.g. documents  Any temporary data Data in ROM  Firmware – the software embedded into hardware devices  Basic Input Output System (BIOS) - essential for ...
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A leap year is a year that contains an additional day making it 366 days long instead of the usual 365 days. The Python function `is_leap_year`, shown below can be used to determine whether a year (denoted by the parameter `y`) is a leap year or not. ```python def is_leap_year(y): if (y % 400 == 0) or ((y % 4 == 0) ...
Rule 1: If the year is evenly divisible by 400 it is a leap year e.g. 2000 was a leap year Rule 2: If the year is evenly divisible by 4 and not 100 it is a leap year e.g. 2024 is but 2025 and 2100 are not
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Many fast-food restaurants have begun using interactive kiosks that allow customers to order food without having to go to a cashier. These kiosks have menu-driven interfaces. Name **two** principles of universal design and explain how these principles could be met in the design of such systems.
Any two from the following: * Equitable Use - by incorporating accessibility features such as adjustable font sizes, colour contrasts, and audio feedback the design can ensure that the interface is usable by people with varying abilities. * Flexibility in Use - this principle could be met by providing features that...
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(a) Apply the algorithm shown in pseudo code below to the row of shapes shown in **Figure 4** and illustrate your answer in the boxes provided. ``` problem_solved ← FALSE LOOP UNTIL problem_solved IS TRUE square ← find the leftmost square triangle ← find the rightmost triangle IF position of square IS GREATER TH...
(a) Step 1: ▲▲▲☐☐☐▲▲☐☐☐ Step 2: ▲▲▲▲☐☐☐▲☐☐☐ (b) In Step 1 the algorithm has swapped the square from position 4 with the triangle in position 7. In Step 2 the algorithm has swapped the square from position 4 with the triangle in position 6. This leaves a final state with all the triangles to the left of all the squares...
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Explain the meaning of the quote, shown in **Figure 5** above, in relation to online applications.
The meaning of the quote is that when a service such as social media is free, the users become a commodity for these platforms, and their attention and data are the actual products that are monetised. As users interact with social media platforms, they generate valuable data (through their preferences, behaviours etc.)...
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Provide **one** implication that the quote, shown in **Figure 5** above, could have for your use of online applications.
* Privacy - users often share personal information that becomes valuable for targeted advertising. * Manipulation of attention - excessive use of online platforms can lead to addictive usage patterns, foster a comparison culture which in turn can have a negative impact on mental health. * Responsible use - on a positiv...
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The term artificial intelligence (AI) was first used in 1955 by among others, American computer scientist John McCarthy who had an Irish father from Co. Kerry. Since then, other related terms such as narrow AI, artificial general intelligence (AGI) and generative AI have emerged. What is meant by the term 'artificial i...
Any response that captures the essence of any of the following: • Artificial intelligence can be defined as the science and engineering of making intelligent computer programs capable of performing tasks that require subtleties of judgement, interpretation and generalisation that we associate with human intelligence. •...
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The term artificial intelligence (AI) was first used in 1955 by among others, American computer scientist John McCarthy who had an Irish father from Co. Kerry. Since then, other related terms such as narrow AI, artificial general intelligence (AGI) and generative AI have emerged. Distinguish between narrow AI and artif...
• Narrow AI: Refers to AI systems built to perform a single task but without any skills that can be transferred to other tasks. • Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) refers to AI systems that can autonomously solve a variety of complex problems in a variety of different domains and learn and adapt autonomously.
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The term artificial intelligence (AI) was first used in 1955 by among others, American computer scientist John McCarthy who had an Irish father from Co. Kerry. Since then, other related terms such as narrow AI, artificial general intelligence (AGI) and generative AI have emerged. ChatGPT and Gemini are examples of gene...
• Generative AI is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology that automatically generates new/original content in response to prompts typed in by the user. • Generative AI should be used with caution as it is not always correct – a phenomena known as hallucination.
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The term artificial intelligence (AI) was first used in 1955 by among others, American computer scientist John McCarthy who had an Irish father from Co. Kerry. Since then, other related terms such as narrow AI, artificial general intelligence (AGI) and generative AI have emerged. Name two types of output that can be pr...
Any two from the following: • text (written in any natural language) • images (e.g. photographs, digital paintings and cartoons) • videos • music • software code • any reasonable format that could be produced by GenAI
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Computer vision is a field of AI that uses machine learning techniques to develop models capable of identifying objects in an image. Study the image shown in Figure and answer the questions that follow. In relation to computer vision, what do the percentages shown in Figure represent?
• The percentages represent a level of confidence returned by the model that the image has been correctly classified as the associated label. For example, *cat*: 94% means that the algorithm is 94% confident that it has identified a cat on this part of the image.
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Computer vision is a field of AI that uses machine learning techniques to develop models capable of identifying objects in an image. Study the image shown in Figure and answer the questions that follow. Suggest two applications for this type of technology and describe how each application could benefit society.
Any two from the following: • Computer vision can be used for early detection of diseases through medical imaging. • Computer vision technology can be used in self-driving cars (autonomous vehicles) to improve road safety by enabling vehicles to detect and respond dangers such as pedestrians, cyclists, other vehicles, ...
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Computer vision is a field of AI that uses machine learning techniques to develop models capable of identifying objects in an image. Study the image shown in Figure and answer the questions that follow. Read the two example scenarios below and for each one, state whether it could use machine learning AI. Justify each a...
Scenario 1. An online streaming service that recommends films based on users' viewing habits. • AI: The system could use machine learning algorithms to analyse user behaviour and make personalised suggestions, which would qualify it as AI. The service will use the viewing habits of the user, compare it to other users, ...
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Computer vision is a field of AI that uses machine learning techniques to develop models capable of identifying objects in an image. Study the image shown in Figure and answer the questions that follow. In recent years many instances of bias have been identified in computer vision applications. Explain one method that ...
Any one of the following: • Diversity of images used in training datasets – ensure that the training dataset is diverse enough to represent the target population • Equality of representation of target population in training dataset – ensure that the images used are representative of the target population • Size of trai...
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In 2023 an open letter published by the Future of Life Institute requested all AI labs to immediately pause for at least six months the training of very powerful AI systems. Interestingly, while the letter was signed by many well-known academics and industry leaders, there were many notable individuals and companies wh...
Points for supporting the initiative: • Ethical concerns: time is needed to make sure that AI aligns with human values and doesn't compromise principles such as privacy, accountability, and fairness. • Jobs/Employment/Economy: the pace of current development of AI systems has the potential to put many jobs at risk and ...
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The flowchart, shown in Figure below, describes an algorithm that reads two values, swaps them, and then displays their new values. State the names of the two input variables.
Input variable 1: a Input variable 2: b Each correct response - 1 mark
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The flowchart, shown in Figure below, describes an algorithm that reads two values, swaps them, and then displays their new values. Explain the purpose of the variable t.
t is a temporary variable used to store the value of a Without t, the contents of a would be lost when b is assigned to a Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 3 marks Fair explanation - limited understanding 2 mark
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Flowcharts are commonly used in the design process to describe algorithms. State one advantage and one disadvantage of using flowcharts.
Advantages: They are easier to understand than code (especially for non-programmers). The visual representation of flowcharts clearly depicts the flow and logic of an algorithm. They are independent of any programming language. They are flexible tools used to represent algorithms during the design stage of the design p...
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The Python code below shows an implementation of the bubble sort algorithm. ```python 1 values = [50, 70, 30, 60, 20] 2 for i in range(len(values)): 3 for j in range(len(values)-1): 4 if values[j] > values[j+1]: 5 t = values[j+1] 6 values[j+1] = values[j] 7 values[j] = t 8 9 print("OUTPUT:", val...
the data type of the variable, values, is a list (array) Correct response 1 mark
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The Python code below shows an implementation of the bubble sort algorithm. ```python 1 values = [50, 70, 30, 60, 20] 2 for i in range(len(values)): 3 for j in range(len(values)-1): 4 if values[j] > values[j+1]: 5 t = values[j+1] 6 values[j+1] = values[j] 7 values[j] = t 8 9 print("OUTPUT:", val...
the index of the element 70 is 1 Correct response 1 mark
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The Python code below shows an implementation of the bubble sort algorithm. ```python 1 values = [50, 70, 30, 60, 20] 2 for i in range(len(values)): 3 for j in range(len(values)-1): 4 if values[j] > values[j+1]: 5 t = values[j+1] 6 values[j+1] = values[j] 7 values[j] = t 8 9 print("OUTPUT:", val...
the Python expression `len(values)` returns 5 Correct response 1 mark
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The Python code below shows an implementation of the bubble sort algorithm. ```python 1 values = [50, 70, 30, 60, 20] 2 for i in range(len(values)): 3 for j in range(len(values)-1): 4 if values[j] > values[j+1]: 5 t = values[j+1] 6 values[j+1] = values[j] 7 values[j] = t 8 9 print("OUTPUT:", val...
the slice expression `values[2:4]` returns the list, [30, 60] Full correct response 2 marks Response with some merit 1 mark
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The Python code below shows an implementation of the bubble sort algorithm. ```python 1 values = [50, 70, 30, 60, 20] 2 for i in range(len(values)): 3 for j in range(len(values)-1): 4 if values[j] > values[j+1]: 5 t = values[j+1] 6 values[j+1] = values[j] 7 values[j] = t 8 9 print("OUTPUT:", val...
the expression `values[5]` would generate a runtime error because the index 5 is out of bounds Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 3 marks Fair explanation - limited understanding 2 mark
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State one advantage and one disadvantage of sorting a data set.
Advantages Binary search requires a dataset to be sorted Sorted data can be more user friendly e.g. social media timeline sorted by date/time, product catalogue sorted by cost etc. Sorted data can also make it easier for data analysis e.g. finding the median or quartiles of a set of data or identifying patterns/trends ...
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The algorithm takes five passes to complete the bubble sort of the integers in values. Apply the bubble sort algorithm to sort values. Show the contents of values after each of the five passes. Initial state of values: 50, 70, 30, 60, 20
Initial state of values: 50, 70, 30, 60, 20 After pass 1: 50, 30, 60, 20, 70 After pass 2: 30, 50, 20, 60, 70 After pass 3: 30, 20, 50, 60, 70 After pass 4: 20, 30, 50, 60, 70 After pass 5: 20, 30, 50, 60, 70 For each pass correctly completed 1 mark
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The algorithm takes five passes to complete the bubble sort of the integers in values. The bubble sort algorithm has $O(n^2)$ best and worst case time complexity. Explain what this means in terms of the number of compare operations performed.
In a list of size N the bubble sort algorithm performs N passes. On each pass it will perform N-1 compare operations. This gives a total of $N^2 - N$ operations. For large N this is approximately the same as $N^2$. Hence we write $O(N^2)$. The best-case scenario is when the input list is already sorted. The worst-case ...
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The algorithm takes five passes to complete the bubble sort of the integers in values. Suggest one possible improvement that could be made to the algorithm that would reduce either the number of comparisons or the number of swaps required to complete the sort. Initial state of values: 50, 70, 30, 60, 20
Enhancement 1 (reducing size of list by 1 on each pass) On the 1st pass the largest item in the list is moved to the rightmost position The 2nd pass moves the next largest item to the second last position Each pass moves the largest item remaining to its correct position towards the end of the list The standard algorit...
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Alex wants to keep track of her collection of Dr. Seuss books in a database. So far, she has managed to design a single table called BOOKS and enter the records shown below. Explain the two terms, 'database' and 'record'.
Database: A database is a collection of structured data organized in a way such that the data can be easily and efficiently retrieved and maintained (added to, changed/updated and deleted). The data is organised into entities also known as tables which are structured sets of rows and columns. Each table typically corre...
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Alex wants to keep track of her collection of Dr. Seuss books in a database. So far, she has managed to design a single table called BOOKS and enter the records shown below. Suggest which field would be a good choice for the primary key for the BOOKS table. Justify your answer.
Primary Key: book_id Justify: The value of book_id is guaranteed to be unique for each separate record Primary Key correctly identified 1 mark Justification: Very good justification - clear understanding demonstrated 2 marks
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Alex wants to keep track of her collection of Dr. Seuss books in a database. So far, she has managed to design a single table called BOOKS and enter the records shown below. Identify any two data inconsistencies in the data shown in the BOOKS table.
Any two from the following: The use of the euro symbol in the cost field in record number 3 is inconsistent with the way cost is specified in the other records i.e. €10 versus 6.95, 8.95 and 9.95 The name of the author in record number 3 is inconsistent with the names in the other records i.e. Doc Seus is inconsistent ...
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Alex wants to keep track of her collection of Dr. Seuss books in a database. So far, she has managed to design a single table called BOOKS and enter the records shown below. Assuming all data inconsistencies are fixed, enter the names of three fields from the BOOKS table in Column B that correspond to the data types sh...
Boolean: on_loan String: title, author, author_dob Real: cost Note: The above table shows the only acceptable answers Each correct response 1 mark
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Alex has decided to build a relational database that could be used by a library and has created two new tables called MEMBERS and LOANS. The MEMBERS table is used to store the library members and LOANS will be used to keep track of the books that are taken out on loan. Alex is working out her design on paper and has in...
MEMBERS member_id member_name 1 Amy 2 Bill 3 Chloe LOANS member_id book_id date_borrowed 3 2 20/05/2024 1 4 01/05/24 2 1 18/05/2024 3 3 13/05/2024 Each correct response 1 mark
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Alex has decided to build a relational database that could be used by a library and has created two new tables called MEMBERS and LOANS. The MEMBERS table is used to store the library members and LOANS will be used to keep track of the books that are taken out on loan. Alex is working out her design on paper and has in...
Possible answers are: Foreign Key: member_id Explanation: This links the LOANS table with the MEMBERS table OR Foreign Key: book_id Explanation: This links the LOANS table with the BOOKS table Foreign Key correctly identified 1 mark Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 3 marks Fair explanation - li...
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Alex has decided to build a relational database that could be used by a library and has created two new tables called MEMBERS and LOANS. The MEMBERS table is used to store the library members and LOANS will be used to keep track of the books that are taken out on loan. Alex is working out her design on paper and has in...
The presence of a record in the LOANS table can be used to infer that a book is on loan. (Not only that, but the date the book was borrowed can also be looked up.) Therefore, there is no need to store this information in BOOKS. Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 3 marks Fair explanation - limited...
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Alex has decided to build a relational database that could be used by a library and has created two new tables called MEMBERS and LOANS. The MEMBERS table is used to store the library members and LOANS will be used to keep track of the books that are taken out on loan. Alex is working out her design on paper and has in...
Data redundancy refers to a situation where a single piece of data (or value) is stored in more than one place in a database. It usually occurs as a result of poor design and is considered bad practice as it can lead to data inconsistencies as well as inefficiency use of storage. Very good explanation - clear understa...
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The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1. The program does not display any output. ```python from random import choi...
print("Random Fruit 1:",random_fruit_1) # (i)
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The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1. The program does not display any output. ```python from random import choi...
random_fruit_2 = choice(fruits) # (ii) print("Random Fruit 2:",random_fruit_2) # (ii) random_fruit_3 = choice(fruits) # (ii) print("Random Fruit 3:",random_fruit_3) # (ii) print()
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The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1. The program does not display any output. ```python from random import choi...
if (random_fruit_1 == 'cherry'): print("FIRST FRUIT IS CHERRY")
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The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1. The program does not display any output. ```python from random import choi...
if (random_fruit_1 == random_fruit_2): print("FIRST PAIR MATCH")
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The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1. The program does not display any output. ```python from random import choi...
if (random_fruit_1 == random_fruit_2) and (random_fruit_1 == 'cherry'): print("FIRST PAIR ARE CHERRIES ")
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The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1. The program does not display any output. ```python from random import choi...
if (random_fruit_1 == random_fruit_2) or (random_fruit_1 == random_fruit_3) or (random_fruit_2 == random_fruit_3): print("MATCHING PAIR")
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The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1. The program does not display any output. ```python from random import choi...
random_fruits = [] for i in range(100): random_fruit = choice(fruits) random_fruits.append(random_fruit) for i in range(len(fruits)): print(fruits[i], random_fruits.count(fruits[i]))
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Implement a simulation of a fruit machine in Python. You should use comments throughout your program to explain your code. You may wish to reuse some of the code you used in part (a) as part of your solution. The program should proceed according to the following sequence:  Initialise a list called fruits with thre...
Possible solution: ```python from random import choice # Initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. fruits = ['apple', 'cherry', 'orange'] print("The initial list of fruits is:") print(fruits) print() # Prompt the user to enter an additional fruit (e.g. kiwi, lemon etc.) and appe...
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