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it is believed that the direct detection of gravitational waves ( gws ) will bring the era of gravitational wave astronomy . the interferometer detectors are now under operation and awaiting the first signal of gws @xcite . it is also known that pulsar timing arrays ( ptas ) can be used as a detector for gws @xcite . ...
rapid progress in the design and manufacture of optical fiber systems is a result of worldwide demand for ultra - high bit - rate optical communications . this explains the growing interest of the soliton community in soliton - based optical fiber communication systems . this area of research was considerably advanced ...
a cluster category is a certain 2-calabi - yau orbit category of the derived category of a hereditary abelian category . cluster categories were introduced in @xcite in order to give a categorical model for the combinatorics of fomin - zelevinsky cluster algebras @xcite . they are triangulated @xcite and admit ( cluste...
the control and manipulation of single electrons in mesoscopic systems constitutes one of the key ingredients in nanoelectronics . the study of single - electron sources@xcite in the high - frequency regime has attracted a great interest due to their potential application in quantum electron optics experiments , in met...
geometrical dynamics is a dynamics of elementary particles , generated by the space - time geometry . in the space - time of minkowski the geometrical dynamics coincides with the conventional classical dynamics , and the geometrical dynamics may be considered to be a generalization of classical dynamics onto more gener...
the rationale for , capabilities of , and scientific context of the mid - infrared instrument ( miri ) on jwst are described in rieke et al . ( 2014 ; hereafter paper i ) and the overall optical , thermal , mechanical / structural electronic and control aspects of the design are summarized in wright et al . ( 2014 ; he...
the direct and precise measurement of the self - coupling between the electroweak gauge bosons in @xmath2-pair production will be a crucial step in testing the standard model of electroweak interactions and searching for physics beyond it . it will form an important part of the physics programme at lep2 and at a planne...
the standard model is greatly successful but it still has many free parameters which must be small to describe nature . while its supersymmetric extensions , e.g. , the minimal supersymmetric standard model , are attractive scenarios , small couplings are also required to explain observed facts such as the fermion mas...
the dynamical density matrix renormalization group ( dmrg ) @xcite and the closely related correction vector dmrg @xcite have been widely used in the last decade to compute the dynamical correlation functions and spectral functions of low - dimensional strongly correlated quantum systems . @xcite although more powe...
we are poised on the threshold of unprecedented technical growth in wide - field time domain astronomy , where ground - based observations yield very precise measurements of stellar brightness from high - volume data streams . so far , wide - field time - series surveys has been spearheaded by relatively small telescop...
in nature , there exists a variety of systems that involve chemical reactions . some are on a geographical - scale , while others on a nano - scale . chemical reactions are an integral part of life , including all living forms of life . to study the dynamics of reaction systems , we often adopt rate equations in ord...
neutrons stars are born in gravitational collapse of massive , degenerate stellar cores . newly born neutron stars are hot and lepton rich objects , quite different from ordinary low temperature , lepton poor neutron stars . in view of these differences , newly born neutron stars are called _ protoneutron _ stars ; the...
recently there has been a considerable interest in trying to obtain atomic decompositions of the space @xmath6 . these decompositions are usually obtained in terms of frames generated by a family of functions translated on a regular grid , and dilated by powers of a dilation matrix . the uniformity of the grid and the ...
our current hypothesis is that the galaxies and black holes observed today originated over 13 gyr ago , growing from seeds of primordial density perturbations . one can test this hypothesis by studying the star formation rate ( sfr ) history , from the epoch of reionization ( eor ) at redshifts @xmath21 , through the p...
the use of general principles to investigate systems whose microscopic makeup is unclear can be very rewarding . sometimes this method gives information on a whole class of systems . among such principles , thermodynamics , believed to be of universal applicability , stands out . an instructive example of its use is th...
central to a complete picture of galaxy evolution is the distribution of the interstellar matter ( ism ) within each galaxy and how that ism forms stars . given that the ism mass on galactic scales is dominated by molecular and atomic gas , observing the tracers of these gas components is necessary for measuring the is...
general relativity and ordinary differential geometry should be replaced by non - commutative geometry at some point between the currently accessible energies of about 1 - 10 tev ( after starting the large hadron collider ( lhc ) at cern ) and the planck scale , which is @xmath2 times higher , where space - time and gr...
we study surfaces in space @xmath0 such that through each point of the surface one can draw two circles fully contained in the surface . hereafter by a _ circle _ we mean either an ordinary circle in @xmath0 or a straight line . in this paper we reduce finding all such surfaces to the algebraic problem of finding all p...
an abelian cover is a finite morphism @xmath0 of varieties which is the quotient map for a generically faithful action of a finite abelian group @xmath1 . this means that for every component @xmath7 of @xmath2 the @xmath1-action on the restricted cover @xmath8 is faithful . the paper @xcite contains a comprehensive the...
it is many years since the first description of how radio sources fueled by agn interact with and inject energy into the surrounding medium @xcite . now , largely due to _ chandra _ , we have many observational examples . x - ray signatures of the mechanisms involved are varied . gas cavities crafted by current or past...
pseudodiffusive transmission refers to the @xmath1 scaling of the electrical current transmitted over a distance @xmath0 through a clean sheet of undoped graphene @xcite . the same @xmath1 scaling characterizes diffusion in a random potential , but now it applies in the absence of any disorder . there is a large number...
in the current picture of structure formation , inflation ends in reheating , which produces gaussian random field density fluctuations in the radiation , matter , and dark matter . as a gaussian random field , the density is described completely by its mean and 2-point correlation function ( 2pcf ) , which measures th...
when matter is strongly coupled to light , the interaction can not simply be thought of in terms of absorption and emission processes . instead we must consider the eigenstates of the fully coupled matter - light system . the paradigmatic example of this is the existence of exciton polaritons , hybrid matter - light pa...
the interaction between neutral objects is dominated by fluctuation forces due to the coordinated behavior of fluctuating charges or collective modes inside the objects . at zero temperature or at sufficiently small distances , the interactions result from quantum fluctuations . they are important on atomic scales as w...
the aim of this paper is to investigate an optimal stopping problem under partial observation for piecewise - deterministic markov processes ( pdmp ) both from the theoretical and numerical points of view . pdmp s have been introduced by davis @xcite as a general class of stochastic models . they form a family of marko...
stars form in dense and cool molecular clouds . when the local density is high enough , the matter can gravitationally collapse and form a young stellar object ( yso ) . in the early phases , the thick envelope dominates the emission from the yso and hides what is going on within ( class i ) . eventually , the envelop...
chaos in ordinary language means disorder , randomness , absence of law , and unpredictability . it played the major role in philosophy of ancient greeks . already empedocles ( cca.490430 b.c . ) viewed the real world , , as a combination of the world of perfect order , ( today we may tentatively translate it as ) , an...
popularity plays a major role in the dynamics of online systems . public attention can suddenly concentrate on a web page or application @xcite , a youtube video @xcite , a trending topic in twitter @xcite , or on a story in the news media @xcite , sometimes even in absence of an apparent reason . typically , after...
in our previous paper @xcite , we extended the notion of vassiliev invariant and other invariants associated with chern simons theory to the context of spin networks @xcite . we showed that these invariants are loop differentiable in the sense of distributions and we defined an infinitesimal generator of diffeomorphis...
differential analysis is based on studying the time evolution of the distance between trajectories emanating from different initial conditions . a dynamical system is called contractive if any two trajectories converge to one other at an exponential rate . this implies many desirable properties including convergence to...
according to greek mythology the goddess of wisdom , pallas athene , emerged clad in full armor after hephaestus split open zeus s head . in much the same way the local group sprang forth suddenly , and almost complete , in chapter vi of the realm of the nebulae ( hubble 1936 , pp . 124 - 151 ) . hubble describes the l...
interactions between neutral dielectric bodies are traditionally viewed as being due predominantly to electromagnetic field fluctuations , or equivalently , dipole fluctuations that give rise to van der waals ( vdw ) fluctuation - induced interactions between them @xcite . these interactions are attractive between iden...
four - dimensional conformal field theories have attracted much attention in the last decade , mainly because of their relevance in the context of the ads / cft correspondence and its developments as well as its applications in completely different fields of which condensed matter is an example . the conformal symmetry...
emergent phenomena is one of the most profound topics in modern science addressing the ways that collectivities and complex patterns appear from multiplicity of components and simple interactions . ensembles of random hamiltonians allow one to explore the emergent phenomena in a statistical way , and thus to establish ...
attractors play a key role in the study of non - conservative dynamics . the description of attractors and the properties of their basins help predict the future behaviour of the orbits of a system . in this work we deal with physical measures i.e. an ergodic measure @xmath0 is physical if its basin of attraction has p...
atom interferometry has opened new frontiers in precision metrology . highly sensitive gravimeters , gravity gradiometers , and gyroscopes have been constructed , and promising work has been done to integrate these sensors into a robust apparatus that can operate outside the laboratory with applications in inertial nav...
compact binary ( neutron star - neutron star , ns@xmath1 , or black hole - neutron star , bh - ns ) mergers are prime sources of gravitational radiation . the gw detectors ligo @xcite , virgo @xcite and geo600 @xcite are designed to optimally detect merger signals . these detectors have been operational intermittently ...
within the shubnikov phase of type ii superconductors the applied magnetic field enters the sample in the form of flux lines . the standard mean - field type calculation@xcite shows that in an isotropic material two straight vortices repel at all distance scales , with an interaction strength @xmath1 , @xmath2 being th...
in the minimal supersymmetric standard model ( mssm ) , the ( susy ) particles must be produced in pairs . the phase space is largely suppressed in pair production of susy particles due to the important masses of the superpartners . the r - parity violating ( ) extension of the mssm contains the following additional te...
following classical protocols , quantum information protocols were initially formulated in terms of qubits that are manipulated unitarily in order to realize computational and communication tasks that may over perform their classical analogs @xcite . a different , but widespread approach to process quantum information ...
the yokonuma hecke algebras ( of type gl ) , denoted @xmath1 , have been used by j. juyumaya and s. lambropoulou to construct invariants for various types of links , in the same spirit as the construction of the homflypt polynomial from usual hecke algebras . we refer to @xcite and references therein . in particular ,...
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ since all men have imperfections + hanging bones inside their closets + that they trust no one will notice + absent tips on where to find them , + it will shock no one to learn that + even mighty hiawatha + famous chief of myth and legend + did s...
in this paper we study the optimal stopping problems in an uncertain environment . the classical solution to the optimal stopping problems based on the dynamic programming principle assumes that there is a unique subjective prior distribution driving the reward process . however , for example , in incomplete financial ...
the abundance patterns of extremely metal - poor ( emp ) stars are useful in studying nucleosynthesis in massive supernovae ( sne ) . population ( pop ) iii stars are usually considered to be massive stars . some of them might become black holes without supernova explosions , but some should have exploded as supernovae...
barely fifteen years after the invention of the laboratory maser in 1953 which required a population inversion in the ammonia molecule to be carefully _ engineered _ interstellar masers were _ discovered _ as a remarkable and naturally - occurring phenomenon . the @xmath3 transition of water vapor , with a frequency ...
the field of _ computational learning theory _ deals with the abilities and limitations of algorithms that learn functions from data . many models of how learning algorithms access data have been considered in the literature . among these , two of the most prominent are via _ membership queries _ and via _ random examp...
this article proposes an approach to inferring the causal impact of a market intervention , such as a new product launch or the onset of an advertising campaign . our method generalises the widely used difference - in - differences approach to the time - series setting by explicitly modelling the counterfactual of a ti...
inflation in the early universe @xcite is now an indispensable ingredient of modern cosmology not only to explain the global properties of homogeneous and isotropic space with a vanishingly small spatial curvature but also to account for the origin of the primordial curvature perturbation that seeded cosmic structure f...
the computational effort needed to deal with large combinatorial structures considerably varies with the task to be performed and the resolution procedure used@xcite . the worst case complexity of a task , more precisely an optimization or decision problem , is defined as the time required by the best algorithm to trea...
since its inception , it has been clear that general relativity has many striking similarities to gauge theories . both are based on the idea of local symmetry and therefore share a number of formal properties . nevertheless , their dynamical behavior can be quite different . while maxwell electrodynamics describes a l...
over the past two decades , the utility of type ia supernovae ( sne ia ) as standardizable candles to trace the expansion history of the universe has been underscored by the increasing resources dedicated to optical / near - ir discovery and follow - up campaigns ( @xcite ; @xcite ) . at the same time , the nature of t...
the recent experimental developments in ultracold fermi gases and in particular the experimental realization of the bec - bcs crossover through feshbach resonance @xcite have arised in a field where theoretical investigations started a long time ago . indeed fairly soon after the publication of the bardeen - cooper - s...
this paper describes our computer program speden that reconstructs the density from the diffraction patterns of individual particles . speden is of interest for three reasons . diffractive imaging promises to improve the resolution , sensitivity , and practical wavelength range in x - ray microscopy , for three - dimen...
the rsp game @xcite is a game where players take their move simultaneously , each choosing a hand from the rock ( r ) , the scissors ( s ) and the paper ( p ) . the cyclic strength relation of the three hands determines the win and the loss ; the rock crushes the scissors , the scissors cut the paper and the paper wra...
gauge theories in three spacetime dimensions typically possess solitonic disorder operators that strongly affect the physics at long distances . a classic example is polyakov s proof that monopoles in a pure @xmath2 gauge theory lead to confinement even at weak coupling @xcite . that emit magnetic flux . we will give a...
nanotechnology , as well as biology , biophysics and chemistry are using or studying setups and objects which are smaller and smaller . in these systems , one is usually interested in mean values , but thermal fluctuations play an important role because their amplitude are often comparable to the mean values . this is ...
the formal expressions of equilibrium statistical mechanics strictly apply only to ergodic systems that are in thermodynamic equilibrium . thus these expressions only strictly apply to systems which are at the global free energy minimum given the system hamiltonian and the macroscopic thermodynamic state variables ( nu...
gas cooling plays a key role in galaxy formation . according to the hierarchical structure formation model , galaxies form in gravitationally collapsed dark matter halos . the dissipative baryonic matter cools by emitting radiation and condenses into halos to form galaxies @xcite . subsequently stars form through the r...
early - type galaxies in clusters exhibit a linear color - magnitude ( cm ) relation indicating that bright galaxies are systematically redder than their faint cluster companions ( visvanathan & sandage 1977 ) . this remarkable relation shows very small scatter ( @xmath3 magnitude ) in high precision photometry of loca...
the structure , properties and reactions of nuclei and nuclear matter depend on the dynamics of the nucleons @xcite . this is the reason why the derivation of the nuclear forces is probably the most important problem of nuclear physics . after the discovery of quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) the fundamental theory of ...
scattering experiments are amongst the most powerful tools to obtain information on the microscopic structure of matter . in solid state physics , conventional elastic scattering of photons , electrons , and neutrons are the standard methods to study the precise spacing and the location of atoms in solids . one obtains...
since the mid-1990s we built visual interactive maps of bibliographic and database information at strasbourg astronomical observatory , and some of these , with references , are available at murtagh [ 2006d ] . the automated annotation of such maps is not easy . at the time of writing zdnet and the bbc ( british broadc...
tremendous progress has been realized in the last decades concerning the theoretical foundation of quantum optics in dielectric media . while the historical approach proposed by jauch and watson @xcite was already based on the standard canonical quantization formalism for fields , it neglected dispersion and dissipati...
access to large data sets on human activities and interactions has long been limited by the difficulty and cost of gathering such information . recently , the ever increasing availability of digital traces of human actions is widely enabling the representation and the analysis of massive amounts of information on human...
the magnetic field evolution in plasmas such as the solar corona and the earth s magnetosphere often follows an ideal evolution in which all topological features of the field remain unchanged over time . this invariance provides a motivation to investigate topological properties of the magnetic field such as magnetic n...
the aim of the present work is twofold . firstly , we study here the effect of introducing small pressure perturbations in an otherwise pressure - free gravitational collapse which was to terminate in a black hole final state . for such a purpose , spherically symmetric models of black hole and naked singularity format...
with the recent appearance of the internet and the world - wide web , understanding the properties of growing networks with popularity - based construction rules has become an active and fruitful research area @xcite . in such models , newly - introduced nodes preferentially attach to pre - existing nodes of the networ...
complex networks have been the focus of the study of dynamical properties of complex systems in nature and society in the last decade @xcite . usually all nodes are assumed to belong to one population or class , and the interactions between two distinct populations have been reported just recently @xcite . the dynamica...
molecular clouds are observed through the emission of a number of molecular transitions that provide a wealth of information about their chemical composition , gas temperature and density , magnetic field strength , fractional ionization , structure and kinematics . this information is essential to our understanding of...
in recent years , mapreduce has emerged as a computational paradigm for processing large - scale data sets in a series of rounds executed on conglomerates of commodity servers @xcite , and has been widely adopted by a number of large web companies ( e.g. , google , yahoo ! , amazon ) and in several other applications (...
@xmath3 after totally geodesic @xmath4-spheres , clifford tori represent the next simplest minimal embeddings of closed surfaces in the round unit @xmath1-sphere @xmath5 . in fact marques and neves @xcite , in their proof of the willmore conjecture , have identified clifford tori as the unique area minimizers among ...
topological insulators ( tis ) are amongst the most actively investigated systems in condensed matter physics @xcite . in reality , there is evidence for their existence in two @xcite and three @xcite spatial dimensions . due to bulk - boundary correspondence , non - trivial topological states of matter have edge state...
in euv images of the solar corona , coronal loops appear as long graceful arcs of bright plasma that trace magnetic field lines through the atmosphere . these loops can be preferentially illuminated because localized heating and inefficient cross - field diffusion lead to hot plasma spreading along individual field lin...
analyses of the impulsive phase of solar flares detected in various electromagnetic wavelength ranges are important for understanding the acceleration and propagation of particles . the accelerated electrons reveal their presence e.g. in hard x - ray and radio emissions , and cause rapid heating of the chromosphere and...
the equilibrium ( thermodynamic ) isotope effect ( eie ) is defined as the effect of isotopic substitution on the equilibrium constant . denoting an isotopolog with a lighter ( heavier ) isotope by a subscript _ ( _ h _ ) , the eie is defined as the ratio of equilibrium constants@xmath6 where @xmath7 _ _ _ _ and @xmath...
the reidemeister torsion is an invariant for a cw - complex and a representation of its fundamental group . in other words , this invariant associates with the local system for a representation of the fundamental group . originally the reidemeister torsion is defined if the local system is @xmath4 , i.e. , all homology...
deformations of the bosonic heisenberg algebra by parameters have known successful achievements in mathematical physics @xcite-@xcite and in nonlinear physics ( e.g. nonlinear quantum optics ) @xcite-@xcite . one of the simplest deformation of the bosonic algebra , a one parameter @xmath0-deformation , was introduced b...
control refers to the ability to steer a dynamical system from an initial to a final state with a desired accuracy ; optimal control does so with minimum expenditure of effort and resources . a famous example is the apollo space mission where optimal control was used to safely land the spacecraft on the moon . the esse...
video streaming applications have become over the past few years the dominant applications in the internet and generate the prevalent part of traffic in today s ip networks ; see for instance guillemin et al . @xcite for an illustration of the application breakdown in a commercial ip backbone network . video files are ...
it is well known that radio waves propagating in the interstellar medium ( ism ) are scattered by the irregularities in the galactic electron density . the scattering in turn gives rise to a number of observable phenomena . among others , these include angular broadening and intensity fluctuations ( both in time and fr...
relative dispersion of passive particles in turbulent flows is one of the fundamental problems in turbulence research . it characterizes the transport and mixing properties of turbulence and is important from both theoretical and practical points of view . reflecting universal behavior of turbulent fluctuations , relat...
in recent years , uv and optical photometry and spectroscopy of nearby elliptical galaxies has suggested that these galaxies , which have a reputation for being old , red , and dead , may not be quite as dead as previously assumed . between a few percent to 30% of local ellipticals appear to be experiencing low levels ...
from the atmospheric and solar neutrino data , there is increasing evidence for neutrino oscillations@xcite . if this is a correct interpretation , the standard model ( sm ) has to be extended to incorporate the small masses of the neutrinos suggested by data . there have been several ideas proposed in literature to ge...
while the earth s magnetism has been studied for centuries starting with the first scientific monograph of gilbert ( 1600 ) , the question of the magnetism of other planets had received scant attention until recently because of the lack of relevant observations . only in 1955 clear evidence for the existence of a plane...
in the past decades , raman spectroscopy@xcite techniques were successfully applied to carbon compounds , such as graphite ( see ref . and references therein ) and carbon nanotubes.@xcite upon the discovery of graphene,@xcite raman spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool to identify the number of layers , struc...
superconducting films are candidate substances for the improvement of electronics technology in a myriad of applications . while the low resistance is very attractive in this regard , it has proved difficult to control the nonlinear behaviour of such materials in response to electromagnetic field@xcite . when a magneti...
over the last decades , numerous data on hot giant electric dipole resonance ( gdr ) parameters have been accumulated . since the field seems to have matured , it might be useful at this point to gather all present data in one comprehensive compilation in a uniform format . the introduction is organized in the followin...
the dmrg algorithm was introduced by steven white @xcite , as an algorithm for calculating ground state properties of principally one - dimensional strongly correlated systems in condensed matter physics . the connection between dmrg and matrix product states @xcite ( also known as finitely correlated states ) was firs...
quenched disorder induces an extrinsic inhomogeneity in otherwise translationally invariant pure systems . as a result , the equilibrium and out - of - equilibrium physics of disordered systems may be influenced by rare collective events , such as `` avalanches '' , statistically unlikely regions , such as `` droplets ...
the large magellanic cloud ( lmc ) has revealed a very complex structure both in the stellar and in the gaseous component . the elongation of the stellar disk in the direction of the galactic center , its substantial vertical thickness , the warp and the strong asymmetric bar are naturally predicted by numerical simula...
code coverage is a common metric in software and hardware testing that measures the degree to which an implementation has been tested with respect to some criterion . in its simplest form , one starts with a model of the program , and a partition of the behaviors of the model into _ coverage goals _ test _ is a sequenc...
continuous measurement of quantum systems @xcite , the study of quantum systems states under the influence of observation prolonged in time , has been a topic of considerable activity in recent years . particularly , for the measurement of an individual microscopic system that is weakly coupled to measurement apparatus...
massive stars dominate the feedback to the local interstellar medium ( ism ) in star - forming galaxies via their stellar winds and ultimate death as core - collapse supernovae . in particular , wolf - rayet ( wr ) stars typically have wind densities an order of magnitude higher than massive o stars . they contribute t...
the phases of quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) at nonzero temperature and density are a subject of continuing interest . while numerical simulations on the lattice can be of use at nonzero temperature when the quark density is small , standard monte carlo techniques are not of use in cold , dense quark matter . one ex...
thermochemical models have been used to describe alkali @xcite , titanium and vanadium @xcite , carbon , nitrogen , and oxygen @xcite , sulfur and phosphorus @xcite , condensate ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ? * ) chemistry in the atmospheres of gas giant planets , brown dwarfs , and low - mass dwarf stars . here we conti...
the antarctic neutrino telescope amanda @xcite and the future km@xmath0 icecube @xcite are designed to observe high - energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources . the ice is instrumented with photomultipliers to pick up the cherenkov light from secondary charged particles . in order to reach the large volume needed ...
the oort cloud @xcite remains the most mysterious part of our solar system , primarily because it can not be directly observed . our only observational clues to the size , shape , mass and composition of the oort cloud come from observations of long - period comets . the demographics of observed long - period comets ha...
turbulent aerosols are of interest in a variety of natural and technological systems . two very important examples are water droplets in turbulent rain clouds @xcite and dust grains in turbulent accretion disks around growing stars @xcite . in both of these systems the aerosol is unstable because the suspended particle...
a central issue in the field of spintronics is the design of spin - based electronic devices.@xcite they may involve ferromagnets or external magnetic fields to control the spin degree of freedom.@xcite but recently , all - electric spintronic devices also have gained interest.@xcite they rely on spin - orbit ( so ) in...
during cell life , membranes are submitted to an inhomogeneous and variable environment . local inhomogeneities can be strongly related to biological processes , which has led to experiments investigating the effect of local modifications on biomimetic membranes @xcite . for instance , in the inner membrane of mitocho...