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English: AlphaFold2 has been hailed as a breakthrough in protein folding. It can
rapidly predict protein structures with lab-grade accuracy. However, its
implementation does not include the necessary training code. OpenFold is the
first trainable public reimplementation of AlphaFold. AlphaFold training
procedure is prohibitively time-consuming, and gets diminishing benefits from
scaling to more compute resources. In this work, we conducted a comprehensive
analysis on the AlphaFold training procedure based on Openfold, identified that
inefficient communications and overhead-dominated computations were the key
factors that prevented the AlphaFold training from effective scaling. We
introduced ScaleFold, a systematic training method that incorporated
optimizations specifically for these factors. ScaleFold successfully scaled the
AlphaFold training to 2080 NVIDIA H100 GPUs with high resource utilization. In
the MLPerf HPC v3.0 benchmark, ScaleFold finished the OpenFold benchmark in
7.51 minutes, shown over $6\times$ speedup than the baseline. For training the
AlphaFold model from scratch, ScaleFold completed the pretraining in 10 hours,
a significant improvement over the seven days required by the original
AlphaFold pretraining baseline.
Chinese: AlphaFold2被誉为蛋白质折叠领域的突破性进展。它能够以实验室级别的精度快速预测蛋白质结构。然而，其实现并未包含必要的训练代码。OpenFold是AlphaFold的第一个可训练的公开重实现。AlphaFold的训练过程耗时过长，且随着计算资源的扩展，其收益逐渐减少。在这项工作中，我们基于Openfold对AlphaFold的训练过程进行了全面分析，发现低效的通信和以开销为主的计算是阻碍AlphaFold训练有效扩展的关键因素。我们引入了ScaleFold，这是一种系统性的训练方法，特别针对这些因素进行了优化。ScaleFold成功地将AlphaFold训练扩展到了2080 NVIDIA H100 GPU，实现了高资源利用率。在MLPerf HPC v3.0基准测试中，ScaleFold完成了OpenFold基准测试，耗时7.51分钟，比基线快了超过6倍。对于从头开始训练AlphaFold模型，ScaleFold完成了预训练，耗时10小时，这比原始AlphaFold预训练基线所需的七天有了显著改进。
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English: I will present a review of the field of Hanbury Brown-Twiss interferometry in
relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The "HBT puzzle" is explored in detail,
emphasizing recent theoretical attempts to understand the persisting puzzle. I
also present recent experimental results on azimuthally sensitive HBT, HBT of
direct photons, and some surprises in the comparison of HBT results from p+p
and Au+Au collisions at RHIC.
Chinese: 我将介绍相对论重离子碰撞中汉伯里-布朗-特维斯干涉ometry领域的综述。"HBT谜题"被详细探讨，强调了解决这一持续谜题的最新理论尝试。我还介绍了关于方位敏感HBT、直接光子HBT以及RHIC中p+p和Au+Au碰撞HBT结果比较中的一些惊喜的最近实验结果。
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English: The reaction rates of the beta processes for all particles at arbitrary
degeneracy are derived, and an {\it analytic} steady state equilibrium
condition $\mu_n=\mu_p+2\mu_e$ which results from the equality of electron and
positron capture rates in the hot electron-positron plasma with nucleons is
also found, if the matter is transparent to neutrinos. This simple analytic
formula is valid only if electrons are nondegenerate or mildly degenerate,
which is generally satisfied in the hot electron-positron plasma. Therefore, it
can be used to efficiently determine the steady state of the hot matter with
plenty of positrons. Based on this analytic condition, given the baryon number
density and the temperature, if the nucleons are nondegenerate, only one
algebraic equation for determining the electron fraction is obtained, which
shows the great advantage of the analytic equilibrium condition.
Chinese: 推导出任意简并度下所有粒子的β衰变过程反应速率，并且当物质对中微子透明时，还发现了一个由高温电子-正电子等离子体与核子中电子和正电子捕获率相等所导致的解析稳态平衡条件μn=μp+2μe（其中μn、μp、μe分别代表中子、质子和电子的化学势）。这个简单的解析公式仅当电子非简并或弱简并时才有效，这在高温电子-正电子等离子体中通常得到满足。因此，它可用于高效确定含有大量正电子的高温物质的稳态。基于这个解析条件，给定重子数密度和温度，如果核子非简并，则仅得到一个用于确定电子分数的代数方程，这显示了解析平衡条件的巨大优势。
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English: Intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy (ICLAS) with an evacuated Cr2+:
ZnSe laser is performed with a high-resolution time-resolved Fourier transform
interferometer with a minimum detectable absorption coefficient equal to 4 10-9
cm-1 Hz-1/2 in the 2.5$\mu$m region. This represents the extreme limit
presently reached in the infrared by ICLAS with Doppler limited resolution. The
broad gain band of the crystal allows a spectral coverage at most equal to 125
nm, wide enough to see entire vibration bands. Weak CO2 bands observed up to
now only in the Venus atmosphere are recorded for the first time in a
laboratory. H2O detection limit down to 0.9 ppbv is also demonstrated.
Chinese: 在抽空的Cr2+腔内激光吸收光谱学（ICLAS）中，使用ZnSe激光进行了高分辨率时间分辨傅里叶变换干涉仪的实验，其最小可检测吸收系数等于2.5微米区域内的4×10^-9 cm^-1 Hz^-1/2。这代表了目前ICLAS在红外区域通过多普勒极限分辨率所能达到的极端极限。晶体的宽增益带允许光谱覆盖范围最多达到125纳米，足够宽以观察整个振动带。至今仅在金星大气中观察到的弱CO2带，首次在实验室中记录。还展示了H2O检测限低至0.9 ppbv。
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English: Segmentation of pancreas is important for medical image analysis, yet it
faces great challenges of class imbalance, background distractions and
non-rigid geometrical features. To address these difficulties, we introduce a
Deep Q Network(DQN) driven approach with deformable U-Net to accurately segment
the pancreas by explicitly interacting with contextual information and extract
anisotropic features from pancreas. The DQN based model learns a
context-adaptive localization policy to produce a visually tightened and
precise localization bounding box of the pancreas. Furthermore, deformable
U-Net captures geometry-aware information of pancreas by learning geometrically
deformable filters for feature extraction. Experiments on NIH dataset validate
the effectiveness of the proposed framework in pancreas segmentation.
Chinese: 胰腺的分割对于医学图像分析至关重要，然而它面临着类别不平衡、背景干扰和非刚性几何特征的巨大挑战。为了解决这些困难，我们引入了一种由深度Q网络（DQN）驱动的方案，结合可变形U-Net，通过显式地与上下文信息交互并从胰腺中提取各向异性特征，以准确地分割胰腺。基于DQN的模型学习了一种上下文自适应的定位策略，以产生视觉上更加紧凑和精确的胰腺定位边界框。此外，可变形U-Net通过学习用于特征提取的几何可变形滤波器，捕捉了胰腺的几何感知信息。在NIH数据集上的实验验证了所提出框架在胰腺分割中的有效性。
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English: A simple variation of the Lanczos method is discussed. The new technique is
based on a systematic reduction of the size of the Hilbert space of the model
under consideration. As an example, the two dimensional ${\rm t-J_z}$ model of
strongly correlated electrons is studied. Accurate results for the ground state
energy can be obtained on clusters of up to 50 sites, which are unreachable by
conventional Lanczos approaches. In particular, the energy of one and two holes
is analyzed as a function of ${\rm J_z/t}$. In the bulk limit, it is shown that
a finite coupling ${\rm J_z/t ]_c} \sim 0.18$ is necessary to induce
``binding'' of holes in the model. It is argued that this result implies that
the two dimensional ${\rm t-J}$ model phase separates only for couplings larger
than a $finite$ critical value.
Chinese: 讨论了一种简单的Lanczos方法的变体。该新技术基于系统地减小所考虑模型的希尔伯特空间的尺寸。例如，研究了强关联电子的二维${\rm t-J_z}$模型。在多达50个格点的簇上，可以得到精确的基态能量，这是传统Lanczos方法无法达到的。特别是，分析了一和一两个空穴的能量作为${\rm J_z/t}$的函数。在体极限下，表明模型中空穴的“结合”需要一定的耦合${\rm J_z/t ]_c} \sim 0.18$。据此认为，这表明二维${\rm t-J}$模型仅在耦合超过一个有限的临界值时才会发生相分离。
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English: The objective of the present paper is to study 4-dimensional weakly Ricci
symmetric spacetimes $(WRS)_4$ with non-zero constant Ricci scalar. We prove
that such a $(WRS)_4$ satisfying $F(R)$-gravity field equations represents a
perfect fluid with vanishing vorticity. Some energy conditions are studied
under the current setting to constrain the functional form of $F(R)$. We
examine a couple of popular toy models in $F(R)$-gravity, $F(R)=e^{\alpha R}$
where $\alpha$ is constant and $F(R)=R-\beta \tanh(R)$, $\beta$ is a constant.
We also find that the equation of state parameter (EoS) in both models supports
the universe's accelerating behavior, i.e., $\omega=-1$. According to the
recently suggested observations of accelerated expansion, both cases define
that the null, weak, and dominant energy conditions justify their requirements
while the strong energy conditions violate them.
Chinese: 本文的目的是研究具有非零常数黎曼标量的4维弱里奇对称时空$(WRS)_4$。我们证明，满足$F(R)$引力场方程的此类$(WRS)_4$代表一种涡旋为零的完美流体。在当前设置下，我们研究了某些能量条件，以约束$F(R)$的功能形式。我们考察了$F(R)$引力中的几个流行玩具模型，$F(R)=e^{\alpha R}$，其中$\alpha$是常数，以及$F(R)=R-\beta \tanh(R)$，$\beta$是常数。我们还发现，在这两个模型中，状态方程参数（EoS）支持宇宙加速行为，即$\omega=-1$。根据最近提出的加速膨胀观测，这两种情况都表明，零、弱和主导能量条件是合理的，而强能量条件则违反了这些条件。
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English: The precipitous rise and adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) have
shattered expectations with the fastest adoption rate of any consumer-facing
technology in history. Healthcare, a field that traditionally uses NLP
techniques, was bound to be affected by this meteoric rise. In this paper, we
gauge the extent of the impact by evaluating the performance of LLMs for the
task of medical coding on real-life noisy data. We conducted several
experiments on MIMIC III and IV datasets with encoder-based LLMs, such as BERT.
Furthermore, we developed Segmented Harmonic Loss, a new loss function to
address the extreme class imbalance that we found to prevail in most medical
data in a multi-label scenario by segmenting and decoupling co-occurring
classes of the dataset with a new segmentation algorithm. We also devised a
technique based on embedding similarity to tackle noisy data. Our experimental
results show that when trained with the proposed loss, the LLMs achieve
significant performance gains even on noisy long-tailed datasets, outperforming
the F1 score of the state-of-the-art by over ten percentage points.
Chinese: 大型语言模型（LLMs）的急剧增长和采用率已打破预期，成为历史上采用速度最快的面向消费者的技术。医疗领域，一个传统上使用自然语言处理技术的领域，不可避免地受到了这一飞速发展的冲击。在本论文中，我们通过评估LLMs在真实世界噪声数据上的医疗编码任务性能，来衡量这一影响的程度。我们在MIMIC III和IV数据集上进行了多项实验，使用了诸如BERT等基于编码器的LLMs。此外，我们开发了分段谐波损失函数，这是一种新的损失函数，旨在通过分段和脱钩数据集中共现类别的分段算法来解决大多数医疗数据在多标签场景中普遍存在的极端类别不平衡问题。我们还设计了一种基于嵌入相似性的技术来处理噪声数据。我们的实验结果表明，当使用提出的损失函数进行训练时，LLMs在噪声长尾数据集上取得了显著的性能提升，F1得分超过了当前最先进技术的超过十个百分点。
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English: Due to the increasing volume of Electric Vehicles in automotive markets and
the limited lifetime of onboard lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the large-scale
retirement of LIBs is imminent. The battery packs retired from Electric
Vehicles still own 70%-80% of the initial capacity, thus having the potential
to be utilized in scenarios with lower energy and power requirements to
maximize the value of LIBs. However, spent batteries are commonly less reliable
than fresh batteries due to their degraded performance, thereby necessitating a
comprehensive assessment from safety and economic perspectives before further
utilization. To this end, this paper reviews the key technological and economic
aspects of second-life batteries (SLBs). Firstly, we introduce various
degradation models for first-life batteries and identify an opportunity to
combine physics-based theories with data-driven methods to establish
explainable models with physical laws that can be generalized. However,
degradation models specifically tailored to SLBs are currently absent.
Therefore, we analyze the applicability of existing battery degradation models
developed for first-life batteries in SLB applications. Secondly, we
investigate fast screening and regrouping techniques and discuss the regrouping
standards for the first time to guide the classification procedure and enhance
the performance and safety of SLBs. Thirdly, we scrutinize the economic
analysis of SLBs and summarize the potentially profitable applications.
Finally, we comprehensively examine and compare power electronics technologies
that can substantially improve the performance of SLBs, including
high-efficiency energy transformation technologies, active equalization
technologies, and technologies to improve reliability and safety.
Chinese: 由于电动汽车在汽车市场上的数量不断增加以及车载锂离子电池（LIBs）的有限使用寿命，大规模退役LIBs的情况即将到来。从电动汽车退役的电池组仍然拥有70%-80%的初始容量，因此有可能在能源和功率需求较低的场景中得到利用，以最大化LIBs的价值。然而，由于性能下降，废弃电池通常不如新电池可靠，因此在使用前需要从安全和经济角度进行全面评估。为此，本文回顾了二手电池（SLBs）的关键技术和经济方面。首先，我们介绍了第一寿命电池的各种退化模型，并确定了一个机会，将基于物理的理论与数据驱动的方法相结合，以建立具有可解释模型和可推广物理定律的模型。然而，目前尚无针对SLBs量身定制的退化模型。因此，我们分析了现有针对第一寿命电池开发的电池退化模型在SLB应用中的适用性。其次，我们研究了快速筛选和重组技术，并首次讨论了重组标准，以指导分类程序并提高SLBs的性能和安全性。第三，我们仔细审查了SLB的经济分析，并总结了可能有利可图的用途。最后，我们全面检查和比较了可以显著提高SLB性能的电力电子技术，包括高效能量转换技术、主动均衡技术和提高可靠性和安全性的技术。
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English: The purpose of this paper is to prove Ein--Lazarsfeld's conjecture on
asymptotic vanishing of syzygies of algebraic varieties. This result, together
with Ein--Lazarsfeld's asymptotic nonvanishing theorem, describes the overall
picture of asymptotic behaviors of the minimal free resolutions of the graded
section rings of line bundles on a projective variety as the positivity of the
line bundles grows. Previously, Raicu reduced the problem to the case of
products of three projective spaces, and we resolve this case here.
Chinese: 本文的目的是证明关于代数簇齐次理想渐近消失的Ein--Lazarsfeld猜想。这个结果，连同Ein--Lazarsfeld的渐近非消失定理，描述了随着线束的正定性增长，投射簇上线束的分级截面环的最小自由解析的渐近行为的整体图景。在此之前，Raicu将问题简化为三个投射空间的乘积的情况，而我们在这里解决了这个情况。
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English: A permutation is called mod-k-alternating if its entries are restricted to
having the same remainder as the index, modulo some integer $k \geq 1.$ In this
paper, we find the sign-balance for mod-k-alternating permutations with respect
to the statistic excedance. Moreover, we study the sign-balance for excedances
over mod-k-alternating derangements. The results are obtained by constructing
suitable matrices and connecting their determinants with the signed excedance
enumeration of mod-k-alternating permutations. As an application of the signed
excedance enumeration, we prove that when $n \equiv k \pmod {2k}$, the
excedance enumerating polynomials over the even and odd mod-k-alternating
permutations, starting with a fixed remainder, are gamma-positive.
Chinese: 一个排列被称为模-k-交替排列，如果它的项在模某个整数$k \geq 1$的意义下与索引有相同的余数。在这篇论文中，我们找到了关于指数统计的模-k-交替排列的符号平衡。此外，我们还研究了模-k-交替错排的符号平衡。通过构建合适的矩阵并将它们的行列式与模-k-交替排列的带符号指数枚举联系起来，我们得到了这些结果。作为带符号指数枚举的应用，我们证明了当$n \equiv k \pmod {2k}$时，从固定的余数开始的偶数和奇数模-k-交替排列的指数枚举多项式是伽马正的。
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English: We study bispecial factors in fixed points of morphisms. In particular, we
propose a simple method of how to find all bispecial words of non-pushy
circular D0L-systems. This method can be formulated as an algorithm. Moreover,
we prove that non-pushy circular D0L-systems are exactly those with finite
critical exponent.
Chinese: 我们研究了在同态的固定点中的双特殊因子。特别是，我们提出了一种简单的方法来找到非推移循环D0L系统的所有双特殊词。这个方法可以被表述为一个算法。此外，我们证明了非推移循环D0L系统正是那些具有有限临界指数的系统。
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English: A $\mu$-way $(v,k,t)$ $trade$ of volume $m$ consists of $\mu$ disjoint
collections $T_1$, $T_2, \dots T_{\mu}$, each of $m$ blocks, such that for
every $t$-subset of $v$-set $V$ the number of blocks containing this t-subset
is the same in each $T_i\ (1\leq i\leq \mu)$. In other words any pair of
collections $\{T_i,T_j\}$, $1\leq i<j \leq \mu$ is a $(v,k,t)$ trade of volume
$m$.
In this paper we investigate the existence of $\mu$-way $(v,k,t)$ trades and
also we prove the existence of: (i)~3-way $(v,k,1)$ trades (Steiner trades) of
each volume $m,m\geq2$. (ii) 3-way $(v,k,2)$ trades of each volume $m,m\geq6$
except possibly $m=7$. We establish the non-existence of 3-way $(v,3,2)$ trade
of volume 7. It is shown that the volume of a 3-way $(v,k,2)$ Steiner trade is
at least $2k$ for $k\geq4$. Also the spectrum of 3-way $(v,k,2)$ Steiner trades
for $k=3$ and 4 are specified.
Chinese: 一个 $\mu$-way $(v,k,t)$ 交易，其交易量为 $m$，由 $\mu$ 个互不相交的集合 $T_1, T_2, \dots T_{\mu}$ 组成，每个集合包含 $m$ 个块，并且对于 $v$-集 $V$ 的每一个 $t$-子集，在每一个 $T_i$ $(1\leq i\leq \mu)$ 中包含该 $t$-子集的块数相同。换句话说，任何两个集合 $\{T_i,T_j\}$，$1\leq i<j \leq \mu$，都是一个交易量为 $m$ 的 $(v,k,t)$ 交易。
在本文中，我们研究了 $\mu$-way $(v,k,t)$ 交易的存在性，并证明了以下结论：(i) 每个交易量 $m$，$m\geq2$，都存在 3-way $(v,k,1)$ 交易（Steiner 交易）；(ii) 除了可能 $m=7$ 的情况外，每个交易量 $m$，$m\geq6$，都存在 3-way $(v,k,2)$ 交易。我们证明了交易量为 7 的 3-way $(v,3,2)$ 交易不存在。研究表明，对于 $k\geq4$，3-way $(v,k,2)$ Steiner 交易的交易量至少为 $2k$。此外，还指定了 $k=3$ 和 4 时 3-way $(v,k,2)$ Steiner 交易的特征谱。
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English: Classical Gon\v{c}arov polynomials arose in numerical analysis as a basis for
the solutions of the Gon\v{c}arov interpolation problem. These polynomials
provide a natural algebraic tool in the enumerative theory of parking
functions. By replacing the differentiation operator with a delta operator and
using the theory of finite operator calculus, Lorentz, Tringali and Yan
introduced the sequence of generalized Gon\v{c}arov polynomials associated to a
pair $(\Delta, Z)$ of a delta operator $\Delta$ and an interpolation grid $Z$.
Generalized Gon\v{c}arov polynomials share many nice algebraic properties and
have a connection with the theories of binomial enumeration and order
statistics. In this paper we give a complete combinatorial interpretation for
any sequence of generalized Gon\v{c}arov polynomials. First, we show that they
can be realized as weight enumerators in partition lattices. Then, we give a
more concrete realization in exponential families and show that these
polynomials enumerate various enriched structures of vector parking functions.
Chinese: 经典冈察罗多项式在数值分析中产生，作为冈察罗插值问题解的基础。这些多项式在停车函数的计数理论中提供了一种自然的代数工具。通过用δ算子替换微分算子，并使用有限算子微积分理论，洛伦茨、特林加利和严引入了与一对$(\Delta, Z)$相关的广义冈察罗多项式序列，其中$\Delta$是一个δ算子，$Z$是一个插值网格。广义冈察罗多项式具有许多良好的代数性质，并与二项式计数理论和顺序统计理论有关。在本文中，我们为任何广义冈察罗多项式序列给出了完整的组合解释。首先，我们表明它们可以作为划分格中的权重计数器来实现。然后，我们在指数族中给出了更具体的实现，并表明这些多项式枚举了向量停车函数的各种增强结构。
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English: We discuss the effect of dissipation on heating which occurs in periodically
driven quantum many body systems. We especially focus on a periodically driven
Bose-Hubbard model coupled to an energy and particle reservoir. Without
dissipation, this model is known to undergo parametric instabilities which can
be considered as an initial stage of heating. By taking the weak on-site
interaction limit as well as the weak system-reservoir coupling limit, we find
that parametric instabilities are suppressed if the dissipation is stronger
than the on-site interaction strength and stable steady states appear. Our
results demonstrate that periodically-driven systems can emit energy, which is
absorbed from external drivings, to the reservoir so that they can avoid
heating.
Chinese: 我们讨论耗散对周期驱动量子多体系统中所发生加热效应的影响。我们特别关注一个与能量和粒子库耦合的周期驱动玻色-哈伯德模型。已知在无耗散情况下，该模型会经历参数不稳定性，这可被视为加热的初始阶段。通过取弱局域相互作用极限以及弱系统-库耦合极限，我们发现当耗散强于局域相互作用强度时，参数不稳定性会被抑制，并出现稳定稳态。我们的结果表明，周期驱动系统可以将从外部驱动吸收的能量发射到库中，从而避免加热。
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English: The Einstein-Yang-Mills equations are the source of many interesting
solutions within general relativity, including families of particle-like and
black hole solutions, and critical phenomena of more than one type. These
solutions, discovered in the last thirty years, all assume a restricted form
for the Yang-Mills gauge potential known as the "magnetic" ansatz. In this
thesis we relax that assumption and investigate the most general solutions of
the Einstein-Yang-Mills system assuming spherically symmetry, a Yang-Mills
gauge group of SU(2), and zero cosmological constant. We proceed primarily by
numerically integrating the equations and find new static solutions, for both
regular and black hole boundary conditions, which are not asymptotically flat,
and attempt to classify the possible static behaviours. We develop a code to
solve the dynamic equations that uses a novel adaptive mesh refinement
algorithm making full use of double-null coordinates. We find that the "type
II" critical behaviour in the general case exhibits non-universal critical
solutions, in contrast to the magnetic case and to all previously observed type
II critical behaviour.
Chinese: 爱因斯坦-杨-米尔斯方程在广义相对论中产生了许多有趣的解，包括粒子状和黑洞解的家族，以及超过一种类型的临界现象。这些解，在过去三十年中发现，都假设了杨-米尔斯规范势的一种限制形式，称为“磁”假设。在本论文中，我们放松了这一假设，并研究了假设球对称性、杨-米尔斯规范群为SU(2)且宇宙常数为零的Einstein-Yang-Mills系统的最一般解。我们主要通过数值积分方程，找到了既不是渐近平坦的，也有规则和黑洞边界条件的新的静态解，并尝试对可能的静态行为进行分类。我们开发了一个使用新颖自适应网格精炼算法的代码，该算法充分利用了双空坐标，以解决动态方程。我们发现，在一般情况下，“类型II”临界行为展现出非普遍的临界解，这与“磁”假设和之前观察到的所有类型II临界行为不同。
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English: We experimentally investigate active motion of spherical Janus colloidal
particles in a viscoelastic fluid. Self-propulsion is achieved by a local
concentration gradient of a critical polymer mixture which is imposed by laser
illumination. Even in the regime where the fluid's viscosity is independent
from the deformation rate induced by the particle, we find a remarkable
increase of up to two orders of magnitude of the rotational diffusion with
increasing particle velocity, which can be phenomenologically described by an
effective rotational diffusion coefficient dependent on the Weissenberg number.
We show that this effect gives rise to a highly anisotropic response of
microswimmers in viscoelastic media to external forces depending on its
orientation.
Chinese: 我们通过实验研究了球形Janus胶体粒子在粘弹性流体中的主动运动。通过激光照射产生的局部浓度梯度，实现了临界聚合物混合物的自推进。即使在流体粘度与粒子引起的变形速率无关的区域内，我们也发现随着粒子速度的增加，旋转扩散系数增加了两个数量级，这一现象可以用依赖于Weissenberg数的有效旋转扩散系数来描述。我们表明，这种效应导致了微泳动物在粘弹性介质中对外部力的高度各向异性响应，这种响应取决于其方向。
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English: A "magic rectangle" of eleven observables of four qubits, employed by Harvey
and Chryssanthacopoulos (2008) to prove the Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem in a
16-dimensional Hilbert space, is given a neat finite-geometrical
reinterpretation in terms of the structure of the symplectic polar space $W(7,
2)$ of the real four-qubit Pauli group. Each of the four sets of observables of
cardinality five represents an elliptic quadric in the three-dimensional
projective space of order two (PG$(3, 2)$) it spans, whereas the remaining set
of cardinality four corresponds to an affine plane of order two. The four
ambient PG$(3, 2)$s of the quadrics intersect pairwise in a line, the resulting
six lines meeting in a point. Projecting the whole configuration from this
distinguished point (observable) one gets another, complementary "magic
rectangle" of the same qualitative structure.
Chinese: 由哈维（Harvey）和克里桑塔科普洛斯（Chryssanthacopoulos）于2008年使用的一个包含四个量子比特的十一维“魔方阵”，用于在16维希尔伯特空间中证明贝尔-科亨-斯佩克特定理，在实四量子比特泡利群的李尔几何结构$W(7, 2)$的对称极空间中得到了一个简洁的有限几何重新解释。四个五元观测量的集合在它所张成的三维二阶射影空间（PG$(3, 2)$）中代表一个椭圆二次曲面，而剩下的四元观测量集合对应于一个二阶仿射平面。四个二次曲面的PG$(3, 2)$环境两两相交于一条直线，这六条直线相交于一点。从这一点（一个可观测量）投影整个配置可以得到另一个具有相同定性结构的互补“魔方阵”。
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English: We propose an alternative scenario for the propagation of thermal noise in a
conductor. In this scenario, the noise in the emf (electromotive force) between
two terminals cannot be described as a sum of contributions from uncorrelated
regions, each in local thermal equilibrium. We review previous studies of
thermal noise in circuits with nonuniform temperature. We suggest experiments
that could distinguish between different scenarios. We build a workable 1D
model for a gas of particles that undergo stochastic collisions with the
lattice and exert distance-dependent forces on each other. We enunciate
definitions of current, voltage, and emf, appropriate to a wire with limited
number of particles. For uniform temperature, within appropriate length and
temperature ranges, our simulations comply with Nyquist's result. Analytic
results can be obtained in the limit of strong interparticle interaction. The
simulations indicate that (1) thermal noise in a resistor at uniform
temperature within an electric circuit can be larger (smaller) than predicted
by Nyquist due to the presence of a resistor with higher (lower) temperature in
the circuit; (2) for sufficiently long circuits, the deviation from the Nyquist
prediction is inversely proportional to the distance between the centers of the
resistors; (3) if the resistors differ in temperature, their emf can be
correlated, even if they are detached. The long-range repulsion between charges
in electrically connected resistors may have conceptual and technological
impact in nanodevices.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种导体中热噪声传播的替代场景。在这个场景中，两个终端之间的电动势（电磁力）中的噪声不能描述为来自非相关区域的贡献之和，每个区域都处于局部热平衡状态。我们回顾了关于非均匀温度电路中热噪声的先前研究。我们建议进行实验以区分不同的场景。我们为经历与晶格随机碰撞并对彼此施加距离相关力的粒子气体建立了一个可行的1D模型。我们阐述了适用于有限粒子数量的导线的电流、电压和电动势的定义。对于均匀温度，在适当的长度和温度范围内，我们的模拟符合尼奎斯特的结果。在强粒子相互作用极限下可以获得解析结果。模拟表明：（1）在电路中均匀温度下的电阻器中的热噪声可能比尼奎斯特预测的更大（更小），这是由于电路中存在温度更高（更低）的电阻器；（2）对于足够长的电路，与尼奎斯特预测的偏差与电阻器中心的距离成反比；（3）如果电阻器的温度不同，它们的电动势可能相关，即使它们是分离的。在电连接的电阻器中电荷之间的长程排斥可能在纳米设备中具有概念和技术影响。
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English: Coordinate networks like Multiplicative Filter Networks (MFNs) and BACON
offer some control over the frequency spectrum used to represent continuous
signals such as images or 3D volumes. Yet, they are not readily applicable to
problems for which coarse-to-fine estimation is required, including various
inverse problems in which coarse-to-fine optimization plays a key role in
avoiding poor local minima. We introduce a new coordinate network architecture
and training scheme that enables coarse-to-fine optimization with fine-grained
control over the frequency support of learned reconstructions. This is achieved
with two key innovations. First, we incorporate skip connections so that
structure at one scale is preserved when fitting finer-scale structure. Second,
we propose a novel initialization scheme to provide control over the model
frequency spectrum at each stage of optimization. We demonstrate how these
modifications enable multiscale optimization for coarse-to-fine fitting to
natural images. We then evaluate our model on synthetically generated datasets
for the the problem of single-particle cryo-EM reconstruction. We learn high
resolution multiscale structures, on par with the state-of-the art.
Chinese: 像乘法滤波网络（MFNs）和BACON这样的坐标网络提供了一些对用于表示连续信号（如图像或3D体积）的频谱的控制。然而，它们不适用于需要粗到细估计的问题，包括各种在粗到细优化中起关键作用以避免不良局部最小值的各种逆问题。我们介绍了一种新的坐标网络架构和训练方案，它能够实现粗到细优化，并对学习重建的频率支持进行细粒度控制。这是通过两个关键创新实现的。首先，我们结合了跳跃连接，以便在拟合更细粒度结构时保留某一尺度的结构。其次，我们提出了一种新的初始化方案，以在优化的每个阶段控制模型的频率频谱。我们展示了这些修改如何使多尺度优化适用于粗到细的自然图像拟合。然后，我们在单粒子冷冻电镜重建问题的合成数据集上评估了我们的模型。我们学习了高分辨率的_multiscale_结构，其性能与当前最先进的技术相当。
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English: We present a new algebraic-combinatorial approach to proving a Bezout-type
inequality for zonoids in dimension three, which has recently been established
by Fradelizi, Madiman, Meyer, and Zvavitch. Our approach hints at connections
between inequalities for mixed volumes of zonoids and real algebra and matroid
theory.
Chinese: 我们提出了一种新的代数组合方法，用于证明三维区域体的Bezout型不等式，该方法最近由Fradelizi、Madiman、Meyer和Zvavitch建立。我们的方法暗示了区域体混合体积的不等式与实代数和矩阵理论之间的联系。
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English: The contributions of the resonances $D_{13}(1520)$, $S_{11}(1535)$,
$S_{11}(1650)$, $D_{15}(1675)$, $F_{15}(1680)$, $D_{13}(1700)$, $P_{11}(1710)$,
$P_{13}(1720)$ to $\gamma p\to \eta p$ are found from the data on cross
sections, beam and target asymmetries using two approaches: fixed-t dispersion
relations and an isobar model. Utilization of the two approaches and comparison
of the results obtained with different parametrizations of the resonance
contributions allowed us to make conclusions about the model-dependence of
these contributions. We conclude that the results for the contributions of the
resonances $D_{13}(1520)$, $S_{11}(1535)$, $F_{15}(1680)$ to corresponding
multipole amplitudes are stable. With this the results for $D_{13}(1520)$ and
$F_{15}(1680)$, combined with their PDG photoexcitation helicity amplitudes,
allowed us to find the branching ratios $Br (D_{13}(1520)\to \eta N)=0.05\pm
0.02%$, $Br (F_{15}(1680)\to \eta N)=0.16\pm0.04%$ which have significantly
better accuracy than the PDG data. The total Breit-Wigner width of the
$S_{11}(1535)$ is model-dependent, we have obtained $\Gamma (S_{11}(1520))=142
MeV$ and $195 MeV$ using dispersion relations and the isobar model,
respectively. The results for the $S_{11}(1650)$, $D_{15}(1675)$,
$P_{11}(1710)$, $P_{13}(1720)$ are model dependent, only the signs and orders
of magnitude of their contributions to multipole amplitudes are determined. The
results for the $D_{13}(1700)$ are strongly model-dependent.
Chinese: 通过使用固定t分散关系和同位素模型两种方法，从截面、束流和靶不对称性的数据中找到了共振 $D_{13}(1520)$、$S_{11}(1535)$、$S_{11}(1650)$、$D_{15}(1675)$、$F_{15}(1680)$、$D_{13}(1700)$、$P_{11}(1710)$、$P_{13}(1720)$ 对 $\gamma p\to \eta p$ 的贡献。利用这两种方法，并将不同参数化的共振贡献结果进行比较，使我们能够得出关于这些贡献模型依赖性的结论。我们得出结论，对于共振 $D_{13}(1520)$、$S_{11}(1535)$、$F_{15}(1680)$ 对相应多极振幅的贡献结果稳定。据此，$D_{13}(1520)$ 和 $F_{15}(1680)$ 的结果，结合它们的PDG光激发自旋振幅，使我们能够找到分支比 $Br (D_{13}(1520)\to \eta N)=0.05\pm0.02%$、$Br (F_{15}(1680)\to \eta N)=0.16\pm0.04%$，这些分支比比PDG数据有显著更高的精度。$S_{11}(1535)$ 的总布赖特-维格纳宽度依赖于模型，我们分别使用分散关系和同位素模型得到了 $\Gamma (S_{11}(1520))=142 MeV$ 和 $195 MeV$。$S_{11}(1650)$、$D_{15}(1675)$、$P_{11}(1710)$、$P_{13}(1720)$ 的结果依赖于模型，只有它们对多极振幅贡献的符号和数量级被确定。$D_{13}(1700)$ 的结果强烈依赖于模型。
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English: Topology and geometry of a sphere create constraints for particles that lie
on its surface which they otherwise do not experience in Euclidean space.
Notably, the number of particles and the size of the system can be varied
separately, requiring a careful treatment of systems with one or several
characteristic length scales. All this can make it difficult to precisely
determine whether a particular system is in a disordered, fluid-like, or
crystal-like state. Here, we show how order transitions in systems of particles
interacting on the surface of a sphere can be detected by changes in two
hyperuniformity parameters, derived from spherical structure factor and cap
number variance. We demonstrate their use on two different systems -- solutions
of the thermal Thomson problem and particles interacting via an ultra-soft
potential of the generalized exponential model of order 4 -- each with a
distinct parameter regulating their degree of ordering. The hyperuniformity
parameters are not only able to detect the order transitions in both systems,
but also point out the clear differences in the ordered distributions in each
due to the nature of the interaction leading to them. Our study shows that
hyperuniformity analysis of particle distributions on the sphere provides a
powerful insight into fluid- and crystal-like order on the sphere.
Chinese: 球形的拓扑和几何为位于其表面的粒子产生约束，这些粒子在其他情况下在欧几里得空间中不会感受到。值得注意的是，粒子数量和系统大小可以分别变化，这需要仔细处理具有一个或多个特征长度尺度的系统。所有这些都可能使精确判断特定系统是否处于无序、类流体或类晶体状态变得困难。在这里，我们展示了如何通过球形结构因子和顶点数方差推导出的两个超均匀性参数的变化，来检测球形表面相互作用粒子系统中的有序相变。我们在两个不同的系统上展示了它们的应用——热汤姆逊问题的解和通过4阶广义指数模型的超软势相互作用的粒子——每个系统都有一个独特的参数调节其有序程度。超均匀性参数不仅能够检测这两个系统中的有序相变，而且还能指出由于导致这些有序分布的相互作用性质不同，每个系统中的有序分布存在明显差异。我们的研究表明，对球面上的粒子分布进行超均匀性分析，为理解球面上的类流体和类晶体有序提供了深刻的见解。
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English: Making use of two different analytical-numerical methods for capacity
computation, we obtain matching to a very high precision numerical values for
capacities of a wide family of planar condensers. These two methods are based
respectively on the use of the Lauricella function and Riemann theta functions.
We apply these results to benchmark the performance of numerical algorithms,
which are based on adaptive $hp$--finite element method and boundary integral
method.
Chinese: 利用两种不同的分析-数值方法进行容量计算，我们得到了广泛系列平面电容器容量的非常高的精度数值匹配。这两种方法分别基于Lauricella函数和黎曼θ函数的使用。我们将这些结果应用于基准测试基于自适应 $hp$--有限元方法和边界积分方法的数值算法的性能。
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English: A high-order, well-balanced, positivity-preserving quasi-Lagrange moving mesh
DG method is presented for the shallow water equations with non-flat bottom
topography. The well-balance property is crucial to the ability of a scheme to
simulate perturbation waves over the lake-at-rest steady state such as waves on
a lake or tsunami waves in the deep ocean. The method combines a quasi-Lagrange
moving mesh DG method, a hydrostatic reconstruction technique, and a change of
unknown variables. The strategies in the use of slope limiting,
positivity-preservation limiting, and change of variables to ensure the
well-balance and positivity-preserving properties are discussed. Compared to
rezoning-type methods, the current method treats mesh movement continuously in
time and has the advantages that it does not need to interpolate flow variables
from the old mesh to the new one and places no constraint for the choice of an
update scheme for the bottom topography on the new mesh. A selection of one-
and two-dimensional examples are presented to demonstrate the well-balance
property, positivity preservation, and high-order accuracy of the method and
its ability to adapt the mesh according to features in the flow and bottom
topography.
Chinese: 提出了一种高阶、平衡良好、保持正性的人工拉格朗日移动网格有限元方法，用于模拟非平坦底拓扑的浅水方程。平衡性质对于方案模拟静息湖泊状态下的扰动波（如湖波或深海中的海啸波）的能力至关重要。该方法结合了人工拉格朗日移动网格有限元方法、静力重建技术以及未知变量变换。讨论了使用斜率限制、保持正性限制和变量变换策略以确保平衡性和保持正性特性的策略。与重分区方法相比，当前方法在时间上连续处理网格移动，具有不需要将流变量从旧网格插值到新网格以及在新网格上选择更新方案时不对底拓扑没有限制等优点。展示了1维和2维示例，以证明该方法保持平衡性、保持正性、高阶精度以及根据流和底拓扑特征自适应调整网格的能力。
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English: Newton's method for finding an unconstrained minimizer for strictly convex
functions, generally speaking, does not converge from any starting point.
We introduce and study the damped regularized Newton's method (DRNM). It
converges globally for any strictly convex function, which has a minimizer in
$R^n$.
Locally DRNM converges with a quadratic rate. We characterize the
neighborhood of the minimizer, where the quadratic rate occurs. Based on it we
estimate the number of DRNM's steps required for finding an $\varepsilon$-
approximation for the minimizer.
Chinese: 牛顿法用于求解严格凸函数的无约束最小化器，一般来说，它不会从任何起始点收敛。
我们引入并研究了阻尼正则化牛顿法（DRNM）。该方法对任何在 $R^n$ 中有最小化器的严格凸函数都具有全局收敛性。
在局部，DRNM 具有二次收敛速度。我们刻画了最小化器邻域，其中发生二次收敛。基于此，我们估计了DRNM求解最小化器的 $\varepsilon$-近似所需步数。
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English: An optimal first-order global regularity theory, in spaces of functions
defined in terms of oscillations, is established for solutions to Dirichlet
problems for the $p$-Laplace equation and system, with right-hand side in
divergence form. The exact mutual dependence among the regularity of the
solution, of the datum on the right-hand side, and of the boundary of the
domain in these spaces is exhibited. A comprehensive formulation of our results
is given in terms of Campanato seminorms. New regularity results in customary
function spaces, such as H\"older, $\mathrm{BMO}$ and $\mathrm{VMO}$ spaces,
follow as a consequence. Importantly, the conclusions are new even in the
linear case when $p=2$, and hence the differential operator is the plain
Laplacian. Yet in this classical linear setting, our contribution completes and
augments the celebrated Schauder theory in H\"older spaces, and complements the
Jerison-Kenig gradient theory in Lebesgue spaces with a parallel in the
oscillation spaces realm. The sharpness of our results is demonstrated by
apropos examples.
Chinese: 一个最优的一阶全局正则性理论，在以振荡为定义的函数空间中，被建立起来，用于解决 $p$-拉普拉斯方程和系统的狄利克雷问题，其右侧以散度形式给出。在这些空间中，解的正则性、右侧数据的正则性和区域边界的正则性之间的确切相互依赖关系得到了展示。我们的结果以 Campanato 半范数的形式给出了全面的表述。作为结果，在诸如 H\"older、$\mathrm{BMO}$ 和 $\mathrm{VMO}$ 空间等传统函数空间中的新正则性结果随之而来。重要的是，即使在 $p=2$ 的线性情况下，结论也是新的，因此微分算子是平凡的拉普拉斯算子。然而，在这个经典的线性设置中，我们的贡献完善并增强了著名的 Schauder 理论在 H\"older 空间中的应用，并在振荡空间领域补充了 Jerison-Kenig 梯度理论，与之并行。通过适当的例子证明了我们结果的有效性。
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English: We investigate $ \mathcal{O}\left( r^N \right) $ asymptotic symmetries for a
two-form gauge field in four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. By employing
symplectic renormalization, we identify $ N $ independent asymptotic charges,
with each charge being parametrised by an arbitrary function of the angular
variables. Working in Lorenz gauge, the gauge parameters require a radial
expansion involving logarithmic (subleading) terms to ensure nontrivial angular
dependence at leading order. At the same time, we adopt a setup where the field
strength admits a power expansion, allowing logarithms in the gauge field
expansions within pure gauge sectors. The same setup is studied for
electromagnetism.
Chinese: 我们研究了四维闵可夫斯基时空中的二形式规范场在 $ \mathcal{O}\left( r^N \right) $渐近对称性。通过运用辛重整化方法，我们识别出 $ N $ 个独立的渐近电荷，每个电荷由角变量的任意函数参数化。在洛伦兹规范下，规范参数需要包含对数（次主导）项的径向展开，以确保主导阶上的非平凡角依赖性。同时，我们采用了一种场强允许幂级数展开的设置，允许纯规范区域内的规范场展开中出现对数项。该设置同样适用于电磁场的研究。
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English: Context: Many previous studies have shown that the magnetic precursor of a
coronal mass ejection (CME) takes the form of a magnetic flux rope, and a
subset of them have become known as `hot flux ropes' due to their emission
signatures in $\sim$10 MK plasma. Aims: We seek to identify the processes by
which these hot flux ropes form, with a view of developing our understanding of
CMEs and thereby improving space weather forecasts. Methods:
Extreme-ultraviolet observations were used to identify five pre-eruptive hot
flux ropes in the solar corona and study how they evolved. Confined flares were
observed in the hours and days before each flux rope erupted, and these were
used as indicators of episodic bursts of magnetic reconnection by which each
flux rope formed. The evolution of the photospheric magnetic field was observed
during each formation period to identify the process(es) that enabled magnetic
reconnection to occur in the $\beta<1$ corona and form the flux ropes. Results:
The confined flares were found to be homologous events and suggest flux rope
formation times that range from 18 hours to 5 days. Throughout these periods,
fragments of photospheric magnetic flux were observed to orbit around each
other in sunspots where the flux ropes had a footpoint. Active regions with
right-handed (left-handed) twisted magnetic flux exhibited clockwise
(anticlockwise) orbiting motions, and right-handed (left-handed) flux ropes
formed. Conclusions: We infer that the orbital motions of photospheric magnetic
flux fragments about each other bring magnetic flux tubes together in the
corona, enabling component reconnection that forms a magnetic flux rope above a
flaring arcade. This represents a novel trigger mechanism for solar eruptions
and should be considered when predicting solar magnetic activity.
Chinese: 上下文：许多先前的研究表明，日冕物质抛射（CME）的磁前体以磁通量线的形式存在，其中一部分由于在$\sim$10 MK等离子体中的发射特征而被称为“热磁通量线”。目标：我们寻求识别这些热磁通量线形成的过程，以加深我们对CME的理解，从而改善太空天气预报。方法：利用极端紫外观测识别了日冕中的五个爆发前热磁通量线，并研究了它们的演化。在每次磁通量线爆发的前几个小时和几天内观察到了受限制的耀斑，这些耀斑被用作每个磁通量线形成过程中磁重连接周期性爆发的指标。在每次形成期间观察了光球磁场的变化，以识别在$\beta<1$的日冕中发生磁重连接并形成磁通量线的过程。结果：发现受限制的耀斑是同质事件，并表明磁通量线形成时间从18小时到5天不等。在这些期间，观察到光球磁通量片段在磁通量线有脚点的太阳黑子周围相互环绕。具有右手（左手）螺旋磁通量的活动区域表现出顺时针（逆时针）的运动，并形成了右手（左手）磁通量线。结论：我们推断，光球磁通量片段之间的轨道运动将磁通量管在日冕中聚集在一起，使得在耀斑弧上方的磁重连接形成磁通量线。这代表了太阳爆发的一种新颖触发机制，在预测太阳磁活动时应该予以考虑。
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English: A path-following collision-avoidance model predictive control (MPC) method is
proposed which approximates obstacle shapes as convex polygons.
Collision-avoidance is ensured by means of the signed distance function which
is calculated efficiently as part of the MPC problem by making use of a dual
formulation. The overall MPC problem can be solved by standard nonlinear
programming (NLP) solvers. The dual signed distance formulation yields, besides
the (dual) collision-avoidance constraints, norm, and consistency constraints.
A novel approach is presented that combines the arising norm equality with the
dual collision-avoidance inequality constraints to yield an alternative
formulation reduced in complexity. Moving obstacles are considered using
separate convex sets of linearly predicted obstacle positions in the dual
problem. The theoretical findings and simplifications are compared with the
often-used ellipsoidal obstacle formulation and are analyzed with regard to
efficiency by the example of a simulated path-following autonomous surface
vessel during a realistic maneuver and AIS obstacle data from the Kiel bay
area.
Chinese: 提出了一种路径跟踪避障模型预测控制（MPC）方法，该方法将障碍物形状近似为凸多边形。通过使用符号距离函数确保避障，该函数作为MPC问题的一部分通过使用对偶形式有效地计算。整个MPC问题可以通过标准非线性规划（NLP）求解器来解决。对偶符号距离公式的结果是，除了（对偶）避障约束、范数约束和一致性约束之外。提出了一种新颖的方法，该方法将产生的范数等式与对偶避障不等式约束相结合，从而得到一个复杂性降低的替代公式。在对偶问题中，通过使用线性预测的障碍物位置的单独凸集来考虑移动障碍物。将理论发现和简化与常用的椭圆体障碍物公式进行比较，并通过模拟路径跟踪自主水面船在现实操作期间以及基尔湾区域的AIS障碍物数据示例，分析了效率。
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English: A phase-space noncommutativity in the context of a Kantowski-Sachs
cosmological model is considered to study the interior of a Schwarzschild black
hole. Due to the divergence of the probability of finding the black hole at the
singularity from a canonical noncommutativity, one considers a non-canonical
noncommutativity. It is shown that this more involved type of noncommutativity
removes the problem of the singularity in a Schwarzschild black hole.
Chinese: 在Kantowski-Sachs宇宙模型背景下考虑相空间非交换性，以研究Schwarzschild黑洞的内部。由于在奇点处找到黑洞的概率与规范非交换性发散，因此考虑了非规范非交换性。研究表明，这种更复杂的非交换性类型消除了Schwarzschild黑洞中奇点的问题。
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English: We provide a general B\"ochner type formula which enables us to prove some
rigidity results for $V$-static spaces. In particular, we show that an
$n$-dimensional positive static triple with connected boundary and positive
scalar curvature must be isometric to the standard hemisphere, provided that
the metric has zero radial Weyl curvature and satisfies a suitable pinching
condition. Moreover, we classify $V$-static spaces with non-negative sectional
curvature.
Chinese: 我们提供了一个通用的博赫纳型公式，使我们能够证明一些关于V-静态空间的刚性结果。特别是，我们表明，如果一个n维正静态三重体具有连通的边界和正的标量曲率，那么在度量具有零径向外曲率并满足适当的压缩条件的情况下，它必须与标准半球等距。此外，我们还对具有非负截面曲率的V-静态空间进行了分类。
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English: In second harmonic generation, the phase of the optical field is doubled
which has important implication. Here the phase doubling effect is utilized to
solve a long-standing challenge in power scaling of single frequency laser.
When a (-{\pi}/2, {\pi}/2) binary phase modulation is applied to a single
frequency seed laser to broaden the spectrum and suppress the stimulated
Brillouin scattering in high power fiber amplifier, the second harmonic of the
phase-modulated laser will return to single frequency, because the (-{\pi}/2,
{\pi}/2) modulation is doubled to (-{\pi}, {\pi}) for the second harmonic. A
compression rate as high as 95% is demonstrated in the experiment limited by
the electronic bandwidth of the setup, which can be improved with optimized
devices.
Chinese: 在二次谐波产生中，光学场的相位会加倍，这具有重要影响。这里利用相位加倍效应来解决单频激光功率放大的长期挑战。当对单频种子激光施加（-π/2, π/2）二进制相位调制以展宽频谱并抑制高功率光纤放大器中的受激布里渊散射时，调制的激光的第二谐波将返回到单频，因为（-π/2, π/2）调制对于第二谐波会加倍为（-π, π）。实验中展示了高达95%的压缩率，该结果受限于设备电子带宽，可通过优化器件得到改善。
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English: In this paper a description of the Hubbard model on the square lattice with
nearest-neighbor transfer integral $t$, on-site repulsion $U$, and $N_a^2\gg 1$
sites consistent with its exact global $SO(3)\times SO(3)\times U(1)$ symmetry
is constructed. Our studies profit from the interplay of that recently found
global symmetry of the model on any bipartite lattice with the transformation
laws under a suitable electron - rotated-electron unitary transformation of a
well-defined set of operators and quantum objects. For $U/4t>0$ the occupancy
configurations of these objects generate the energy eigenstates that span the
one- and two-electron subspace. Such a subspace as defined in this paper
contains nearly the whole spectral weight of the excitations generated by
application onto the zero-spin-density ground state of one- and two-electron
operators. Our description involves three basic objects: charge $c$ fermions,
spin-1/2 spinons, and $\eta$-spin-1/2 $\eta$-spinons. Alike in chromodynamics
the quarks have color but all quark-composite physical particles are
color-neutral, the $\eta$-spinon (and spinons) that are not invariant under
that transformation have $\eta$ spin 1/2 (and spin 1/2) but are part of
$\eta$-spin-neutral (and spin-neutral) $2\nu$-$\eta$-spinon (and $2\nu$-spinon)
composite $\eta\nu$ fermions (and $s\nu$ fermions) where $\nu=1,2,...$ is the
number of $\eta$-spinon (and spinon) pairs.The description introduced here is
consistent with a Mott-Hubbard insulating ground state with antiferromagnetic
long-range order for half filling at $x=0$ hole concentration and a ground
state with short-range spin order for a well-defined range of finite hole
concentrations $x>0$.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们构建了一个描述具有最近邻转移积分 $t$、局域排斥 $U$ 以及 $N_a^2\gg 1$ 个与精确全局 $SO(3)\times SO(3)\times U(1)$ 对称性一致的格点上的哈伯德模型。我们的研究得益于最近发现的该模型在任何双边格点上的全局对称性与在合适的电子-旋转电子酉变换下定义的一组算子和量子对象的变换规律之间的相互作用。对于 $U/4t>0$，这些对象的占位构型产生能量本征态，这些本征态跨越一电子和二电子子空间。本文定义的这种子空间几乎包含了施加在一电子和二电子算子到零自旋密度基态上所生成的激发的整个谱重。我们的描述涉及三个基本对象：电荷 $c$ 费米子、半自旋 $1/2$ 自旋子和 $\eta$-半自旋 $1/2$ $\eta$-自旋子。类似于色动力学，夸克具有颜色，但所有夸克复合的物理粒子都是无色的，那些在上述变换下不不变的 $\eta$-自旋子（和自旋子）具有 $\eta$ 自旋 $1/2$（和自旋 $1/2$），但它们是 $\eta$-自旋中性（和自旋中性）的 $2\nu$-$\eta$-自旋子（和 $2\nu$-自旋子）复合的 $\eta\nu$ 费米子（和 $s\nu$ 费米子）的一部分，其中 $\nu=1,2,...$ 是 $\eta$-自旋子（和自旋子）对的数量。这里引入的描述与在 $x=0$ 空穴浓度下半填充时具有反铁磁长程序的莫特-哈伯德绝缘体基态以及在 $x>0$ 的一个特定范围内的有限空穴浓度下具有短程自旋序的基态是一致的。
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English: The optimal branch number of MDS matrices has established their importance in
designing diffusion layers for various block ciphers and hash functions. As a
result, numerous matrix structures, including Hadamard and circulant matrices,
have been proposed for constructing MDS matrices. Also, in the literature,
significant attention is typically given to identifying MDS candidates with
optimal implementations or proposing new constructions across different orders.
However, this paper takes a different approach by not emphasizing efficiency
issues or introducing new constructions. Instead, its primary objective is to
enumerate Hadamard MDS and involutory Hadamard MDS matrices of order $4$ within
the field $\mathbb{F}_{2^r}$. Specifically, it provides an explicit formula for
the count of both Hadamard MDS and involutory Hadamard MDS matrices of order
$4$ over $\mathbb{F}_{2^r}$. Additionally, it derives the count of Hadamard
Near-MDS (NMDS) and involutory Hadamard NMDS matrices, each with exactly one
zero in each row, of order $4$ over $\mathbb{F}_{2^r}$. Furthermore, the paper
discusses some circulant-like matrices for constructing NMDS matrices and
proves that when $n$ is even, any $2n \times 2n$ Type-II circulant-like matrix
can never be an NMDS matrix. While it is known that NMDS matrices may be
singular, this paper establishes that singular Hadamard matrices can never be
NMDS matrices. Moreover, it proves that there exist exactly two orthogonal
Type-I circulant-like matrices of order $4$ over $\mathbb{F}_{2^r}$.
Chinese: 最优分支数的MDS矩阵已经确立了它们在设计各种分组密码和哈希函数的扩散层中的重要性。因此，包括汉密尔顿矩阵和循环矩阵在内的众多矩阵结构被提出用于构建MDS矩阵。文献中，通常会高度关注识别具有最佳实现的MDS候选者或在不同阶数下提出新的构造。然而，本文采取了不同的方法，不强调效率问题或引入新的构造。相反，其主要目标是在域$\mathbb{F}_{2^r}$中列出阶数为$4$的汉密尔顿MDS和可逆汉密尔顿MDS矩阵。具体地，它提供了一个明确的公式来计算阶数为$4$的$\mathbb{F}_{2^r}$上的汉密尔顿MDS和可逆汉密尔顿MDS矩阵的数量。此外，它推导了阶数为$4$的$\mathbb{F}_{2^r}$上的汉密尔顿近MDS（NMDS）和可逆汉密尔顿近MDS矩阵的数量，每行恰好有一个零。此外，文章讨论了一些类似循环矩阵的构造NMDS矩阵，并证明当$n$为偶数时，任何$2n \times 2n$型II类似循环矩阵永远不可能是NMDS矩阵。虽然已知NMDS矩阵可能是奇异的，但本文证明了奇异的汉密尔顿矩阵永远不可能是NMDS矩阵。此外，它证明了阶数为$4$的$\mathbb{F}_{2^r}$上的恰好存在两个正交型I类似循环矩阵。
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English: Topological photonics has been introduced as a powerful platform for
integrated optics, since it can deal with robust light transport, and be
further extended to the quantum world. Strikingly, valley-contrasting physics
in topological photonic structures contributes to valley-related edge states,
their unidirectional coupling, and even valley-dependent wave-division in
topological junctions. Here, we design and fabricate nanophotonic topological
harpoon-shaped beam splitters (HSBSs) based on $120$-deg-bending interfaces and
demonstrate the first on-chip valley-dependent quantum information process.
Two-photon quantum interference, namely, HongOu-Mandel (HOM) interference with
a high visibility of $0.956 \pm 0.006$, is realized with our 50/50 HSBS, which
is constructed by two topologically distinct domain walls. Cascading this kind
of HSBS together, we also demonstrate a simple quantum photonic circuit and
generation of a path-entangled state. Our work shows that the photonic valley
state can be used in quantum information processing, and it is possible to
realize more complex quantum circuits with valley-dependent photonic
topological insulators, which provides a novel method for on-chip quantum
information processing.
Chinese: 拓扑光子学已被引入作为集成光学的强大平台，因为它能处理鲁棒的光传输，并可进一步扩展至量子领域。值得注意的是，拓扑光子结构中的谷对比物理有助于谷相关边缘态、其单向耦合，甚至拓扑结中的谷依赖波分。在此，我们基于120°弯曲界面设计和制备了纳米光子拓扑鱼叉形分束器（HSBSs），并演示了首个片上谷依赖量子信息处理。通过我们的50/50 HSBS（由两个拓扑不同的畴壁构成），实现了具有0.956±0.006高可见度的双光子量子干涉，即HongOu-Mandel (HOM) 干涉。将此类HSBS级联起来，我们还演示了简单的量子光子电路和路径纠缠态的产生。我们的工作表明，光子谷态可用于量子信息处理，并且有可能通过谷依赖拓扑绝缘体实现更复杂的量子电路，这为片上量子信息处理提供了一种新方法。
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English: Spatially extended patterns and multistability of possible different states
is common in many ecosystems, and their combination has an important impact on
their dynamical behaviours. One potential combination involves tristability
between a patterned state and two different uniform states. Using a simplified
version of the Gilad-Meron model for dryland ecosystems, we study the
organization, in bifurcation terms, of the localized structures arising in
tristable regimes. These states are generally related with the concept of wave
front locking, and appear in the form of spots and gaps of vegetation. We find
that the coexistence of localized spots and gaps, within tristable
configurations, yield the appearance of hybrid states. We also study the
emergence of spatiotemporal localized states consisting in a portion of a
periodic pattern embedded in a uniform Hopf-like oscillatory background in a
subcritical Turing-Hopf dynamical regime.
Chinese: 空间上扩展的图案和可能的不同状态的多种稳定性在许多生态系统中很常见，它们的组合对其动态行为有重要影响。一种潜在的组合涉及一个图案状态与两种不同的均匀状态之间的三重稳定性。使用干旱生态系统吉尔亚当-梅隆模型的简化版本，我们研究了在三重稳定性区域中出现的局部结构的分岔组织。这些状态通常与波前锁定概念相关，并以植被斑点和不连续区域的形式出现。我们发现，在三种稳定性配置中，局部斑点和不连续区域的共存导致了混合状态的出现。我们还研究了在亚临界图灵-霍普夫动力学区域内，由嵌入在均匀霍普夫振荡背景中的一部分周期图案组成的空间时间局部状态的出现。
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English: The estimated accuracy of a classifier is a random quantity with variability.
A common practice in supervised machine learning, is thus to test if the
estimated accuracy is significantly better than chance level. This method of
signal detection is particularly popular in neuroimaging and genetics. We
provide evidence that using a classifier's accuracy as a test statistic can be
an underpowered strategy for finding differences between populations, compared
to a bona-fide statistical test. It is also computationally more demanding than
a statistical test. Via simulation, we compare test statistics that are based
on classification accuracy, to others based on multivariate test statistics. We
find that probability of detecting differences between two distributions is
lower for accuracy based statistics. We examine several candidate causes for
the low power of accuracy tests. These causes include: the discrete nature of
the accuracy test statistic, the type of signal accuracy tests are designed to
detect, their inefficient use of the data, and their regularization. When the
purposes of the analysis is not signal detection, but rather, the evaluation of
a particular classifier, we suggest several improvements to increase power. In
particular, to replace V-fold cross validation with the Leave-One-Out
Bootstrap.
Chinese: 分类器的估计准确率是一个具有变异性的随机量。
因此，在监督式机器学习中，一个常见的做法是测试估计的准确率是否显著优于随机水平。这种方法在神经影像学和遗传学中特别受欢迎。我们提供了证据，表明使用分类器的准确率作为检验统计量，与真正的统计检验相比，可能是一个低效的策略，用于发现不同人群之间的差异。这种方法在计算上比统计检验要求更高。通过模拟，我们比较了基于分类准确率的检验统计量与基于多元检验统计量的检验统计量。我们发现，基于准确率的统计量检测两个分布之间差异的概率较低。我们检查了几个可能导致准确率测试低效的原因。这些原因包括：准确率检验统计量的离散性质、信号准确率测试旨在检测的信号类型、它们对数据的低效使用以及它们的正则化。当分析的目的不是信号检测，而是评估特定的分类器时，我们建议一些改进措施以提高功效。特别是，用留一法自助法交叉验证来替换V折交叉验证。
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English: Let phi be a Dubins-Freedman random homeomorphism on [0,1] derived from the
base measure uniform on the vertical line x=1/2, and let f be a periodic
function satisfying that
|f(x)-f(0)| = o(1/log log log 1/x).
Then the Fourier expansion of f composed with phi converges at 0 with
probability 1. In the condition on f, o cannot be replaced by O.
Also we deduce some 0-1 laws for this kind of problems.
Chinese: 设φ是[0,1]上的Dubins-Freedman随机同胚，该同胚来源于垂直线x=1/2上的基测度均匀分布，令f为一个满足以下条件的周期函数：
|f(x)-f(0)| = o(1/log log log 1/x)。
那么，f与φ复合的傅里叶展开在0处以概率1收敛。在f的条件中，o不能被O替代。
此外，我们还推导出这类问题的某些0-1定律。
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English: The phenomenon of immunological memory has been known for a long time. But,
the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. According to the theory of
clonal selection the response to a specific invading antigen (e.g., bacteria)
is offered by a specific clone of the cells. Some of the lymphocytes activated
during the primary response remain dormant and keep circulating in the immune
system for a long time carrying the memory of the encounter and, therefore,
these long-lived cells are called memory cells. Proponents of the alternative
network theory maintain that the immune response is offered by a "network" of
clones in a collective manner. In recent years several possible scenarios of
the "structure" and function of the immune network have been considered. We
have developed mathematical models for describing the population dynamics of
the immunocompetent cells in a unified manner. We have incorporated
intra-clonal as well as inter-clonal interactions in a discrete formulation and
also studied a continuum version of this model.
Chinese: 免疫记忆现象早已为人所知。但是，其背后的机制理解得并不充分。根据克隆选择理论，对特定入侵抗原（例如，细菌）的反应是由特定克隆的细胞提供的。在初次反应期间激活的一些淋巴细胞保持休眠状态，并在免疫系统中长时间循环，携带遭遇的记忆，因此，这些长寿细胞被称为记忆细胞。支持替代网络理论的人士认为，免疫反应是由克隆“网络”以集体方式提供的。近年来，已经考虑了免疫网络“结构”和功能的几种可能情景。我们已开发出数学模型，以统一的方式描述免疫活性细胞的种群动力学。我们在离散公式中纳入了克隆内以及克隆间相互作用，并研究了该模型的连续版本。
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English: We address nonperturbative power corrections to inclusive decay widths of
heavy flavor hadrons in the context of the 't Hooft model (two-dimensional QCD
at N_c->oo), with the emphasis on the spectator-dependent effects sensitive to
the flavor of the spectator. The summation of exclusive widths is performed
analytically using the `t Hooft equation. We show that the 1/m_Q expansion of
both the Weak Annihilation and Pauli Interference widths coincides with the OPE
predictions, to the computed orders. Violation of local duality in the
inclusive widths is quantified, and the new example is identified where the OPE
prediction and the actual effect are completely saturated by a single final
state. The qualitative aspects of quark hadronization emerging from the
analysis in the 't Hooft model are discussed. Certain aspects of summation of
spectator-independent hadronic weak decay widths are given in more detail,
which were not spelled out previously. We also give some useful details of the
1/m_Q expansion in the 't~Hooft model.
Chinese: 在't Hooft模型（二维QCD在N_c->oo）的框架下，我们研究了重味强子包络宽度的非微扰功率修正，重点在于对旁观者效应的依赖性分析，这些效应对旁观者的味道敏感。我们使用't Hooft方程解析地完成了独占宽度的求和。我们证明，弱湮灭和泡利干涉宽度的1/m_Q展开与OPE预测在计算阶次上完全一致。包络宽度中局部对偶性的破坏程度被量化，并识别出OPE预测与实际效应被单一终态完全饱和的新例子。从't Hooft模型分析中得出的夸克强子化定性特征进行了讨论。我们更详细地给出了旁观者无关强子弱衰变宽度求和的某些方面，这些方面之前并未明确阐述。我们还提供了't~Hooft模型中1/m_Q展开的一些有用细节。
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English: Magnetic reconnection is a plasma phenomenon where a topological
rearrangement of magnetic field lines with opposite polarity results in
dissipation of magnetic energy into heat, kinetic energy and particle
acceleration. Such a phenomenon is considered as an efficient mechanism for
energy release in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas. An important question
is how to make the process fast enough to account for observed explosive energy
releases. The classical model for steady state magnetic reconnection predicts
reconnection times scaling as $S^{1/2}$ (where $S$ is the Lundquist number) and
yields times scales several order of magnitude larger than the observed ones.
Earlier two-dimensional MHD simulations showed that for large Lundquist number
the reconnection time becomes independent of $S$ ("fast reconnection" regime)
due to the presence of the secondary tearing instability that takes place for
$S \gtrsim 1 \times 10^4$. We report on our 3D MHD simulations of magnetic
reconnection in a magnetically confined cylindrical plasma column under either
a pressure balanced or a force-free equilibrium and compare the results with 2D
simulations of a circular current sheet. We find that the 3D instabilities
acting on these configurations result in a fragmentation of the initial current
sheet in small filaments, leading to enhanced dissipation rate that becomes
independent of the Lundquist number already at $S \simeq 1\times 10^3$.
Chinese: 磁重联是一种等离子体现象，其中具有相反极性的磁力线的拓扑重组导致磁能以热能、动能和粒子加速的形式释放。这种现象被认为是实验室和天体物理等离子体中能量释放的有效机制。一个重要的问题是如何使过程足够快速以解释观察到的爆炸性能量释放。稳态模型预测的磁重联时间与伦德奎斯特数（S）的平方根成正比，导致的时间尺度比观测到的要大几个数量级。早期的二维MHD模拟显示，对于较大的伦德奎斯特数，由于发生次级撕裂不稳定性（当S大于等于1×10^4时），重联时间不再依赖于S（称为快速重联阶段）。我们报告了我们的三维MHD模拟，模拟了在磁约束的圆柱形等离子体柱下进行的磁重联，无论是在压力平衡还是在无力自由平衡下，并将结果与圆形电流层的二维模拟进行了比较。我们发现这些配置上的三维不稳定性导致初始电流层在小纤维中分裂，导致增强的耗散率，在S约为1×10^3时就已经不再依赖于伦德奎斯特数。
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English: To evaluate perception components of an automated driving system, it is
necessary to define the relevant objects. While the urban domain is popular
among perception datasets, relevance is insufficiently specified for this
domain. Therefore, this work adopts an existing method to define relevance in
the highway domain and expands it to the urban domain. While different
conceptualizations and definitions of relevance are present in literature,
there is a lack of methods to validate these definitions. Therefore, this work
presents a novel relevance validation method leveraging a motion prediction
component. The validation leverages the idea that removing irrelevant objects
should not influence a prediction component which reflects human driving
behavior. The influence on the prediction is quantified by considering the
statistical distribution of prediction performance across a large-scale
dataset. The validation procedure is verified using criteria specifically
designed to exclude relevant objects. The validation method is successfully
applied to the relevance criteria from this work, thus supporting their
validity.
Chinese: 为了评估自动驾驶系统的感知组件，有必要定义相关的对象。虽然城市领域在感知数据集中很受欢迎，但该领域的相关性定义不足。因此，本工作采用了一种现有方法来定义高速公路领域的相关性，并将其扩展到城市领域。虽然文献中存在不同概念化和定义的相关性，但缺乏验证这些定义的方法。因此，本工作提出了一种新颖的相关性验证方法，利用运动预测组件。该验证利用了移除不相关对象不应该影响反映人类驾驶行为的预测组件这一理念。通过考虑在大规模数据集上预测性能的统计分布来量化对预测的影响。验证过程使用特别设计的排除相关对象的准则进行了验证。该验证方法成功地应用于本工作的相关性准则，从而支持了它们的有效性。
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English: Proper proximality of a countable group is a notion that was introduced by
Boutonnet, Ioana and Peterson as a tool to study rigidity properties of certain
von Neumann algebras associated to groups or ergodic group actions. In the
present paper, we establish the proper proximality of many groups acting on
nonpositively curved spaces.
First, these include many countable groups $G$ acting properly
nonelementarily by isometries on a proper $\mathrm{CAT}(0)$ space $X$. More
precisely, proper proximality holds in the presence of rank one isometries or
when $X$ is a locally thick affine building with a minimal $G$-action. As a
consequence of Rank Rigidity, we derive the proper proximality of all countable
nonelementary $\mathrm{CAT}(0)$ cubical groups, and of all countable groups
acting properly cocompactly nonelementarily by isometries on either a Hadamard
manifold with no Euclidean factor, or on a $2$-dimensional piecewise Euclidean
$\mathrm{CAT}(0)$ simplicial complex.
Second, we establish the proper proximality of many hierarchically hyperbolic
groups. These include the mapping class groups of connected orientable
finite-type boundaryless surfaces (apart from a few low-complexity cases), thus
answering a question raised by Boutonnet, Ioana and Peterson. We also prove the
proper proximality of all subgroups acting nonelementarily on the curve graph.
In view of work of Boutonnet, Ioana and Peterson, our results have
applications to structural and rigidity results for von Neumann algebras
associated to all the above groups and their ergodic actions.
Chinese: “适当邻近性”是一个概念，由Boutonnet, Ioana和Peterson引入，作为研究与群或群作用相关的某些von Neumann代数刚性性质的工具。在本文中，我们证明了许多作用于非正曲率空间的群的适当邻近性。
首先，这包括许多可数群$G$以等距方式作用于适当的$\mathrm{CAT}(0)$空间$X$。更精确地说，当存在一类等距或$X$是具有最小$G$-作用的局部厚实仿射建筑时，适当邻近性成立。根据秩刚性原理，我们推导出所有可数的非元素$\mathrm{CAT}(0)$立方群的适当邻近性，以及所有作用于具有无欧几里得因子的Hadamard流形或$2$维分段欧几里得$\mathrm{CAT}(0)$四面体复形上的等距群的适当邻近性。
其次，我们证明了许多层次超曲群的适当邻近性。这包括所有连通的可定向有限型边界无的表面的映射类群（除了少数低复杂性情况），从而回答了Boutonnet, Ioana和Peterson提出的问题。我们还证明了所有非元素作用于曲线图的子群的适当邻近性。
鉴于Boutonnet, Ioana和Peterson的工作，我们的结果在所有上述群及其等距作用相关的von Neumann代数的结构和刚性结果方面有应用。
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English: Topological order has been proposed to go beyond Landau symmetry breaking
theory for more than twenty years. But it is still a challenging problem to
generally detect it in a generic many-body state. In this paper, we will
introduce a systematic numerical method based on tensor network to calculate
modular matrices in 2D systems, which can fully identify topological order with
gapped edge. Moreover, it is shown numerically that modular matrices, including
S and T matrices, are robust characterization to describe phase transitions
between topologically ordered states and trivial states, which can work as
topological order parameters. This method only requires local information of
one ground state in the form of a tensor network, and directly provides the
universal data (S and T matrices), without any non-universal contributions.
Furthermore it is generalizable to higher dimensions. Unlike calculating
topological entanglement entropy by extrapolating, which numerical complexity
is exponentially high, this method extracts a much more complete set of
topological data (modular matrices) with much lower numerical cost.
Chinese: 拓扑序被提出用以超越兰道对称性破缺理论已超过二十年。但它仍然是一个挑战性的问题，要在通用的多体态中普遍检测到拓扑序。在本文中，我们将介绍一种基于张量网络的系统数值方法，用于计算二维系统中的模矩阵，该方法可以完全识别具有裂隙边缘的拓扑序。此外，数值结果表明，模矩阵（包括S矩阵和T矩阵）是描述拓扑序态与平庸态之间相变的鲁棒表征，可以用作拓扑序参数。该方法仅需一个基态在张量网络形式下的局部信息，并直接提供普适性数据（S矩阵和T矩阵），且没有任何非普适性贡献。此外，该方法可推广到更高维度。与通过外推计算拓扑纠缠熵，其数值复杂度为指数级高不同，该方法以较低的数值成本提取了一组更完整的拓扑数据（模矩阵）。
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English: For a positive braid link, a link represented as a closed positive braids, we
determine the first few coefficients of its HOMFLY polynomial in terms of
geometric invariants such as, the maximum euler characteristics, the number of
split factors, and the number of prime factors. Our results give improvements
of known results for Conway and Jones polynomial of positive braid links. In
Appendix, we present a simpler proof of theorem of Cromwell, a positive braid
diagram represent composite link if and only if the the diagram is composite.
Chinese: 对于表示为闭合正平结的正平结链，我们根据几何不变量（如最大欧拉特征、分裂因子数量和素因子数量）确定其HOMFLY多项式的前几个系数。我们的结果改进了正平结链康威多项式和琼斯多项式的已知结果。在附录中，我们给出了Cromwell定理的一个更简单的证明：正平结图表示复合链当且仅当该图是复合的。
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English: Parity games are an expressive framework to consider realizability questions
for omega-regular languages. However, it is open whether they can be solved in
polynomial time, making them unamenable for practical usage. To overcome this
restriction, we consider 3-color parity games, which can be solved in
polynomial time. They still cover an expressive fragment of specifications, as
they include the classical B\"uchi and co-B\"uchi winning conditions as well as
their union and intersection. This already suffices to express many useful
combinations of safety and liveness properties, as for example the family of
GR(1). The best known algorithm for 3-color parity games solves a game with n
vertices in $ O(n^{2}\sqrt{n}) $ time. We improve on this result by presenting
a new algorithm, based on simple attractor constructions, which only needs time
$ O(n^2) $. As a result, we match the best known running times for solving
(co)-B\"uchi games, showing that 3-color parity games are not harder to solve
in general.
Chinese: 公平游戏是一种表达框架，用于考虑欧米茄-正规语言的实现性问题。然而，尚不清楚它们是否能在多项式时间内解决，这使得它们在实际应用中无法使用。为了克服这一限制，我们考虑了3色公平游戏，它们可以在多项式时间内解决。它们仍然覆盖了表达性较强的规范片段，因为它们包含了经典的B\"uchi和co-B\"uchi获胜条件，以及它们的并集和交集。这已经足以表达许多有用的规范性和活生生的属性组合，例如GR(1)家族。目前最好的3色公平游戏算法在n个顶点的游戏上运行时间是$ O(n^{2}\sqrt{n}) $。我们通过基于简单的吸引子构造提出了一种新算法，将所需时间减少到$ O(n^2) $。因此，我们与解决(co)-B\"uchi游戏的最佳已知运行时间相匹配，表明从整体上来说，3色公平游戏并不比解决(co)-B\"uchi游戏更难。
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English: Camera calibration involves estimating camera parameters to infer geometric
features from captured sequences, which is crucial for computer vision and
robotics. However, conventional calibration is laborious and requires dedicated
collection. Recent efforts show that learning-based solutions have the
potential to be used in place of the repeatability works of manual
calibrations. Among these solutions, various learning strategies, networks,
geometric priors, and datasets have been investigated. In this paper, we
provide a comprehensive survey of learning-based camera calibration techniques,
by analyzing their strengths and limitations. Our main calibration categories
include the standard pinhole camera model, distortion camera model, cross-view
model, and cross-sensor model, following the research trend and extended
applications. As there is no unified benchmark in this community, we collect a
holistic calibration dataset that can serve as a public platform to evaluate
the generalization of existing methods. It comprises both synthetic and
real-world data, with images and videos captured by different cameras in
diverse scenes. Toward the end of this paper, we discuss the challenges and
provide further research directions. To our knowledge, this is the first survey
for the learning-based camera calibration (spanned 10 years). The summarized
methods, datasets, and benchmarks are available and will be regularly updated
at https://github.com/KangLiao929/Awesome-Deep-Camera-Calibration.
Chinese: 相机标定涉及估计相机参数以从捕获的序列中推断几何特征，这对于计算机视觉和机器人技术至关重要。然而，传统的标定方法既费时又需要专门的收集。最近的研究表明，基于学习的解决方案有可能替代手动标定的重复性工作。在这些解决方案中，已经研究了各种学习策略、网络、几何先验和数据集。在本文中，我们通过分析它们的优点和局限性，提供了一个基于学习的相机标定技术的全面综述。我们的主要标定类别包括标准针孔相机模型、畸变相机模型、交叉视图模型和交叉传感器模型，遵循研究趋势和扩展应用。由于这个领域没有统一的基准，我们收集了一个全面的标定数据集，可以作为评估现有方法泛化的公共平台。它包括合成和现实世界数据，以及在不同场景中由不同相机捕获的图像和视频。在本文的结尾，我们讨论了挑战并提供了进一步的研究方向。据我们所知，这是第一个关于基于学习的相机标定的综述（跨越了10年）。总结的方法、数据集和基准是可用的，并将定期更新在https://github.com/KangLiao929/Awesome-Deep-Camera-Calibration。
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English: We study nice nilpotent Lie algebras admitting a diagonal nilsoliton metric.
We classify nice Riemannian nilsolitons up to dimension $9$. For general
signature, we show that determining whether a nilpotent nice Lie algebra admits
a nilsoliton metric reduces to a linear problem together with a system of as
many polynomial equations as the corank of the root matrix. We classify nice
nilsolitons of any signature: in dimension $\leq 7$; in dimension $8$ for
corank $\leq 1$; in dimension $9$ for corank zero.
Chinese: 我们研究允许对角线零单极子度量的良好幂零李代数。
我们分类了直到维度$9$的良好黎曼零单极子。对于一般的符号，我们表明，判断一个幂零的良好李代数是否允许零单极子度量，简化为一个线性问题，以及与根矩阵的余秩一样多的多项式方程组。我们分类了任何符号的良好零单极子：在维度$\leq 7$时；在维度$8$时，对于余秩$\leq 1$；在维度$9$时，对于余秩为零。
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English: We address the steady-state entropy production rate (EPR) of active scalar
$\phi^4$ theories, which lack time-reversal symmetry, close to a
phase-separation critical point. We consider both nonconserved (Model A) and
conserved (Model B) dynamics at Gaussian level, and also address the former at
leading order in $\epsilon = 4-d$. In each case, activity is irrelevant in the
RG sense: the active model lies in the same (dynamic Ising) universality class
as its time-reversible counterpart. Hence one might expect that activity brings
no new critical behavior. Here we show instead that the EPR per spacetime
correlation volume either remains finite or diverges on approach to
criticality. A nontrivial critical scaling for entropy production thus ranks
among universal dynamic Ising-class properties.
Chinese: 我们研究了非时间反演对称的标量$\phi^4$理论的稳态熵产生率（EPR），这些理论在接近相分离临界点时的情况。我们考虑了高斯水平上的非守恒（模型A）和守恒（模型B）动力学，并在$\epsilon = 4-d$的主导阶上对前者进行了研究。在每种情况下，活动在重整化群（RG）意义上都是无关紧要的：活性模型与其时间可逆对应物属于相同的（动态伊辛） universality class。因此，人们可能会预期活动不会带来新的临界行为。然而，在这里我们表明，每时空相关体积的EPR要么在接近临界点时保持有限，要么发散。因此，熵产生的非平凡临界标度成为普遍动态伊辛类属性之一。
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English: Ridepooling combines trips of multiple passengers in the same vehicle and may
thereby provide a more sustainable option than transport by private cars. The
efficiency and sustainability of ridepooling is typically quantified by key
performance indicators such as the average vehicle occupancy or the total
distance driven by all ridepooling vehicles relative to individual transport.
However, even if the average occupancy is high and rides are shared,
ridepooling services may increase the total distance driven due to additional
detours and deadheading. Moreover, these key performance indicators are
difficult to predict without large-scale simulations or actual ridepooling
operation. Here, we propose a dimensionless parameter to estimate the
sustainability of ridepooling by quantifying the load on a ridepooling service,
relating characteristic timescales of demand and supply. The load bounds the
relative distance driven and uniquely marks the break-even point above which
the total distance driven by all vehicles of a ridepooling service falls below
that of motorized individual transport. Detailed event-based simulations and a
comparison with empirical observations from a ridepooling pilot project in a
rural area of Germany validate the theoretical prediction. Importantly, the
load follows directly from a small set of aggregate parameters of the service
setting and is thus predictable a priori. The load may thus complement standard
key performance indicators and simplify planning, operation and evaluation of
ridepooling services.
Chinese: 拼车服务将多个乘客的行程合并于同一辆车上，从而可能比私家车运输提供更可持续的出行选择。拼车服务的效率和可持续性通常通过平均车辆载客率或拼车车辆的总行驶距离相对于个体交通的比值等关键绩效指标来量化。然而，即使平均载客率高且行程共享，拼车服务也可能因额外的迂回行驶和空驶而增加总行驶距离。此外，在没有大规模模拟或实际拼车运营的情况下，这些关键绩效指标难以预测。在此，我们提出一个无量纲参数，通过量化拼车服务的负荷，关联需求和供给的特征时间尺度，来估算拼车服务的可持续性。该负荷限制了相对行驶距离，并独特地标记了盈亏平衡点，在该点以上，拼车服务的所有车辆总行驶距离均低于机动个体交通。详细的事件模拟和与德国某农村地区拼车试点项目的实证观测结果验证了理论预测。重要的是，该负荷直接源于服务环境的一组小规模综合参数，因此具有先验可预测性。该负荷可以补充标准关键绩效指标，并简化拼车服务的规划、运营和评估。
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English: Evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs requires users to make
critical judgments about the best outputs across various configurations. This
process is costly and takes time given the large amounts of data. LLMs are
increasingly used as evaluators to filter training data, evaluate model
performance or assist human evaluators with detailed assessments. To support
this process, effective front-end tools are critical for evaluation. Two common
approaches for using LLMs as evaluators are direct assessment and pairwise
comparison. In our study with machine learning practitioners (n=15), each
completing 6 tasks yielding 131 evaluations, we explore how task-related
factors and assessment strategies influence criteria refinement and user
perceptions. Findings show that users performed more evaluations with direct
assessment by making criteria task-specific, modifying judgments, and changing
the evaluator model. We conclude with recommendations for how systems can
better support interactions in LLM-assisted evaluations.
Chinese: 对大型语言模型（LLM）输出的评估需要用户在各种配置中对最佳输出做出关键性判断。鉴于数据量巨大，该过程既耗时又成本高昂。LLM正越来越多地被用作评估器，用于筛选训练数据、评估模型性能或辅助人类评估员进行详细评估。为了支持这一过程，有效的前端工具对评估至关重要。使用LLM作为评估器有两种常见方法：直接评估和成对比较。在我们的研究（n=15名机器学习从业者，每人完成6个任务产生131次评估）中，我们探讨了任务相关因素和评估策略如何影响标准细化和用户感知。研究发现，通过将标准任务化、修改判断和更换评估器模型，用户在直接评估中完成了更多评估。最后，我们提出了系统如何更好地支持LLM辅助评估中交互的建议。
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English: Recent research has supported that system explainability improves user trust
and willingness to use medical AI for diagnostic support. In this paper, we use
chest disease diagnosis based on X-Ray images as a case study to investigate
user trust and reliance. Building off explainability, we propose a support
system where users (radiologists) can view causal explanations for final
decisions. After observing these causal explanations, users provided their
opinions of the model predictions and could correct explanations if they did
not agree. We measured user trust as the agreement between the model's and the
radiologist's diagnosis as well as the radiologists' feedback on the model
explanations. Additionally, they reported their trust in the system. We tested
our model on the CXR-Eye dataset and it achieved an overall accuracy of 74.1%.
However, the experts in our user study agreed with the model for only 46.4% of
the cases, indicating the necessity of improving the trust. The self-reported
trust score was 3.2 on a scale of 1.0 to 5.0, showing that the users tended to
trust the model but the trust still needs to be enhanced.
Chinese: 近期研究表明，系统可解释性能够提升用户对医疗AI用于诊断支持的信任度。本文以基于X光图像的胸部疾病诊断为案例研究，探讨用户信任与依赖情况。在可解释性基础上，我们提出一个支持系统，使用户（放射科医生）可查看最终决策的因果解释。用户在观察这些因果解释后，会对其模型预测给出意见，并在不同意时修正解释。我们将用户信任度定义为模型诊断与放射科医生诊断的一致性，以及放射科医生对模型解释的反馈。此外，用户还报告了其对系统的信任程度。我们在CXR-Eye数据集上测试了模型，其总体准确率为74.1%。然而，在我们的用户研究中，专家仅同意模型诊断的46.4%案例，表明信任度有待提升。自报信任评分为3.2分（满分5分），显示用户倾向于信任模型，但信任程度仍需加强。
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English: Although literature has noted the effects of branch handling strategies on
change recommendation based on evolutionary coupling, they have been tested in
a limited experimental setting. Additionally, the branches characteristics that
lead to these effects have not been investigated. In this study, we revisited
the investigation conducted by Kovalenko et al. on the effect to change
recommendation using two different branch handling strategies: including
changesets from commits on a branch and excluding them. In addition to the
setting by Kovalenko et al., we introduced another setting to compare:
extracting a changeset for a branch from a merge commit at once. We compared
the change recommendation results and the similarity of the extracted
co-changes to those in the future obtained using two strategies through 30
open-source software systems. The results show that handling commits on a
branch separately is often more appropriate in change recommendation, although
the comparison in an additional setting resulted in a balanced performance
among the branch handling strategies. Additionally, we found that the merge
commit size and the branch length positively influence the change
recommendation results.
Chinese: 尽管文献已经注意到了分支处理策略对基于演化耦合的变更推荐效果的影响，但这些研究仅在有限的实验环境中进行了测试。此外，导致这些效果的分支特征尚未被研究。在本研究中，我们重新审视了Kovalenko等人关于使用两种不同的分支处理策略进行变更推荐的影响的研究：一种是包括分支提交中的变更集，另一种是排除它们。除了Kovalenko等人设置的环境外，我们还引入了另一种设置进行比较：一次性从合并提交中提取分支的变更集。我们通过30个开源软件系统比较了两种策略下的变更推荐结果以及提取共变更的相似性，并与未来获取的结果进行了对比。结果显示，在变更推荐中，单独处理分支提交通常更为合适，尽管在额外设置下的比较表明，分支处理策略之间的性能趋于平衡。此外，我们发现合并提交的大小和分支长度对变更推荐结果有正面影响。
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English: Let X be a smooth Mori dream space of dimension at least 4. We show that, if
X satisfies a suitable GIT condition which we call "small unstable locus", then
every smooth ample divisor Y of X is also a Mori dream space. Moreover, the
restriction map identifies the Neron-Severi spaces of X and Y, and under this
identification every Mori chamber of Y is a union of some Mori chambers of X,
and the nef cone of Y is the same as the nef cone of X. This Lefschetz-type
theorem enables one to construct many examples of Mori dream spaces by taking
"Mori dream hypersurfaces" of an ambient Mori dream space, provided that it
satisfies the GIT condition. To facilitate this, we then show that the GIT
condition is stable under taking products and taking the projective bundle of
the direct sum of at least three line bundles, and in the case when X is toric,
we show that the condition is equivalent to the fan of X being 2-neighborly.
Chinese: 设X是一个至少4维的平滑Mori梦想空间。我们证明，如果X满足一个适当的GIT条件，我们称之为“小的非稳定区域”，那么X的每一个平滑充分除子Y也是一个Mori梦想空间。此外，限制映射将X和Y的Neron-Severi空间对应起来，在这种对应下，Y的每一个Mori室是X的一些Mori室的并集，并且Y的nef锥与X的nef锥相同。这个类似于Lefschetz的定理使得人们可以通过从一个环境Mori梦想空间中取“Mori梦想超曲面”来构造许多Mori梦想空间的例子，前提是它满足GIT条件。为了便于这一过程，我们进一步证明GIT条件在取积和取至少三个线束直和的射影束时是稳定的，并且在X是托里拆利的情况下，我们证明该条件等价于X的扇形是2邻域的。
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English: Physical quark-number charges of dyons are determined, via a formula which
generalizes that of Witten for the electric charge, in N=2 supersymmetric
theories with $SU(2) \times U(1)^{N_f} $ gauge group. The quark numbers of the
massless monopole at a nondegenerate singularity of QMS turn out to vanish in
all cases. A puzzle related to CP invariant cases is solved. Generalization of
our results to $SU(N_c)\times U(1)^{N_f}$ gauge theories is straightforward.
Chinese: 通过一个推广Witten关于电荷公式的公式，确定了dyons的物理夸克数电荷，在具有$SU(2) \times U(1)^{N_f} $规范群的N=2超对称理论中。在QMS非退化的奇点处，质量为零的单极子的夸克数在所有情况下都消失。与CP不变情况相关的一个谜团得到了解决。将我们的结果推广到$SU(N_c)\times U(1)^{N_f}$规范理论是直接的。
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English: A classic problem of the motion of a projectile thrown at an angle to the
horizon is studied. Air resistance force is taken into account with the use of
the quadratic resistance law. The projectile motion is described analytically
with fairly simple formulas. They make it possible to calculate basic motion
characteristics and trajectory as easily as in the case of a parabolic motion.
There is no need to study the problem numerically. The proposed formulas are
universal, that is, they can be used for any initial conditions of throwing. In
addition, they have acceptable accuracy over a wide range change of parameters.
The motion of a baseball, a tennis ball and shuttlecock of badminton are
presented as examples.
Chinese: 研究了一个以与地平线成角度抛射的抛体运动的经典问题。采用二次阻力定律考虑空气阻力。抛体运动通过相当简单的公式进行解析描述。这些公式使得计算基本运动特征和轨迹与抛物线运动一样容易，无需对问题进行数值研究。所提出的公式是通用的，即它们可用于任何抛射初始条件。此外，它们在参数变化广泛范围内具有可接受的精度。以棒球、网球和羽毛球运动中的运动为例进行说明。
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English: Cardiovascular diseases, including Heart Failure (HF), remain a leading
global cause of mortality, often evading early detection. In this context,
accessible and effective risk assessment is indispensable. Traditional
approaches rely on resource-intensive diagnostic tests, typically administered
after the onset of symptoms. The widespread availability of electrocardiogram
(ECG) technology and the power of Machine Learning are emerging as viable
alternatives within smart healthcare. In this paper, we propose several
multi-modal approaches that combine 30-second ECG recordings and approximate
long-term Heart Rate Variability (HRV) data to estimate the risk of HF
hospitalization. We introduce two survival models: an XGBoost model with
Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) incorporating comprehensive ECG features and a
ResNet model that learns from the raw ECG. We extend these with our novel
long-term HRVs extracted from the combination of ultra-short-term beat-to-beat
measurements taken over the day. To capture their temporal dynamics, we propose
a survival model comprising ResNet and Transformer architectures (TFM-ResNet).
Our experiments demonstrate high model performance for HF risk assessment with
a concordance index of 0.8537 compared to 14 survival models and competitive
discrimination power on various external ECG datasets. After transferability
tests with Apple Watch data, our approach implemented in the myHeartScore App
offers cost-effective and highly accessible HF risk assessment, contributing to
its prevention and management.
Chinese: 心血管疾病，包括心力衰竭（HF），仍然是全球主要的死亡原因，常常逃避早期检测。在这种情况下，可及性和有效的风险评估是必不可少的。传统方法依赖于资源密集型的诊断测试，通常在症状出现后进行。心电图（ECG）技术的广泛应用和机器学习的力量正在成为智能医疗保健中的可行替代方案。在本文中，我们提出了几种多模态方法，这些方法结合了30秒的ECG记录和近似长期心率变异性（HRV）数据来估计HF住院的风险。我们引入了两种生存模型：一个结合了全面ECG特征的XGBoost模型和加速失效时间（AFT），以及一个从原始ECG学习的ResNet模型。我们通过从一天中进行的超短期逐跳测量的组合中提取我们新颖的长期HRVs来扩展这些模型。为了捕捉它们的时序动态，我们提出了一种由ResNet和Transformer架构（TFM-ResNet）组成的生存模型。我们的实验表明，与14个生存模型相比，我们的模型在HF风险评估方面具有高模型性能，一致性指数为0.8537，并在各种外部ECG数据集上具有有竞争力的区分能力。在苹果手表数据的迁移性测试之后，我们在我HeartScore应用中实现的方法提供了成本效益高且易于获取的HF风险评估，有助于其预防和治疗。
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English: In this paper, we summarize the results about the strong convergence rate of
the Ninomiya-Victoir scheme and the stable convergence in law of its normalized
error that we obtained in previous papers. We then recall the properties of the
multilevel Monte Carlo estimators involving this scheme that we introduced and
studied before. Last, we are interested in the error introduced by discretizing
the ordinary differential equations involved in the Ninomiya-Victoir scheme. We
prove that this error converges with strong order 2 when an explicit
Runge-Kutta method with order 4 (resp. 2) is used for the ODEs corresponding to
the Brownian (resp. Stratonovich drift) vector fields. We thus relax the order
5 for the Brownian ODEs needed by Ninomiya and Ninomiya (2009) to obtain the
same order of strong convergence. Moreover, the properties of our multilevel
Monte-Carlo estimators are preserved when these Runge-Kutta methods are used.
Chinese: 在本论文中，我们总结了我们在前期论文中关于Ninomiya-Victoir方案的强收敛率以及其标准化误差的稳定收敛性结果。接着，我们回忆了涉及该方案的多级蒙特卡洛估计器的性质，这些性质我们之前已经介绍和研究过。最后，我们关注了Ninomiya-Victoir方案中涉及的常微分方程离散化引入的误差。我们证明了，当使用一个显式龙格-库塔方法（4阶或2阶）来处理相应的布朗运动（或斯特拉顿维奇漂移）向量场对应的常微分方程时，该误差以强收敛阶2收敛。因此，我们放宽了Ninomiya和Ninomiya（2009）为得到相同的强收敛阶5所需的布朗运动常微分方程的阶要求。此外，当使用这些龙格-库塔方法时，我们提出的多级蒙特卡洛估计器的性质仍然得以保持。
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English: A relational database has been developed based on the original ($n,n'\gamma$)
work carried out by A. M. Demidov $et$ $al$., at the Nuclear Research Institute
in Baghdad, Iraq [$"Atlas$ $of$ $Gamma$-$Ray$ $Spectra$ $from$ $the$
$Inelastic$ $Scattering$ $of$ $Reactor$ $Fast$ $Neutrons"$, Nuclear Research
Institute, Baghdad, Iraq (Moscow, Atomizdat 1978)] for 105 independent
measurements comprising 76 elemental samples of natural composition and 29
isotopically-enriched samples. The information from this Atlas includes:
$\gamma$-ray energies and relative intensities; nuclide and level data
corresponding to the residual nucleus and meta data associated with the target
sample that allows for the extraction of the flux-weighted ($n,n'\gamma$) cross
sections for a given transition relative to a defined value. The optimized
angular-distribution-corrected fast-neutron flux-weighted partial $\gamma$-ray
cross section for the production of the 846.8-keV $2^{+}_{1} \rightarrow
0^{+}_{\rm gs}$ $\gamma$-ray transition in $^{56}$Fe, determined to be $\langle
\sigma_{\gamma} \rangle = 143(29)$ mb, is used for this purpose. However,
different values for the adopted cross section can be readily implemented to
accommodate user preference based on revised determinations of this quantity.
The Atlas ($n,n'\gamma$) data has been compiled into a series of CSV-style
ASCII data sets and a suite of Python scripts have been developed to build and
install the database locally. The database can then be accessed directly
through the SQLite engine, or using alternative methods such as the Jupyter
Notebook Python-browser interface. Several examples exploiting different
interaction methodologies are distributed with the complete software package.
Chinese: 基于A. M. Demidov等人（在伊拉克巴格达的核研究学院）在原始($n,n'\gamma$)工作基础上开发了一个关系型数据库，该工作涉及105次独立测量，包括76个天然成分的元素样品和29个同位素富集样品。该图谱的信息包括：$\gamma$-射线能量和相对强度；对应于剩余核和与目标样品相关的元数据，这些数据允许提取相对于定义值的通量加权($n,n'\gamma$)截面。用于此目的的是优化后的角度分布校正的快中子通量加权部分$\gamma$-射线截面，用于产生$^{56}$Fe中846.8-keV $2^{+}_{1} \rightarrow 0^{+}_{\rm gs}$ $\gamma$-射线跃迁，其值为$\langle\sigma_{\gamma}\rangle = 143(29)$ mb。然而，可以根据该量的修订确定值轻松实现采用截面的不同值，以适应用户偏好。图谱($n,n'\gamma$)数据已汇编成一系列CSV风格的ASCII数据集，并开发了一套Python脚本，用于本地构建和安装数据库。然后，可以直接通过SQLite引擎或使用Jupyter Notebook Python浏览器界面等替代方法访问数据库。软件包中包含了几种利用不同相互作用方法的示例。
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English: Kemeny's constant for a connected graph $G$ is the expected time for a random
walk to reach a randomly-chosen vertex $u$, regardless of the choice of the
initial vertex. We extend the definition of Kemeny's constant to
non-backtracking random walks and compare it to Kemeny's constant for simple
random walks. We explore the relationship between these two parameters for
several families of graphs and provide closed-form expressions for regular and
biregular graphs. In nearly all cases, the non-backtracking variant yields the
smaller Kemeny's constant.
Chinese: 连通图$G$的凯梅尼常数是指随机游走到达随机选取的顶点$u$的期望时间，与初始顶点的选择无关。我们将凯梅尼常数的定义扩展到非回溯随机游走，并将其与简单随机游走的凯梅尼常数进行比较。我们探究了几类图族中这两个参数之间的关系，并为正则图和双正则图提供了闭式表达式。在几乎所有情况下，非回溯变体都产生更小的凯梅尼常数。
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English: The versatility of digital technologies relies on a capacity to represent and
subsequently manipulate algorithmically selected physical processes, objects or
qualities in a domain. Organizationally real digital representations are those
that, beyond the mere capacity to, actually get woven into everyday work
practices. Empirically, we draw on a four-year case study of offshore oil and
gas production. Our case provides a vivid illustration of Internet of Things
(IoT) based visualizations and data driven predictions characteristic for
efforts of digitally transforming industrial process and manufacturing
enterprises. We contribute by identifying and discussing three mechanisms
through which digital representations become organizationally real: (i) noise
reduction (the strategies and heuristics to filter out signal from noise), (ii)
material tethering (grounding the digital representations to a corresponding
physical measurement) and (iii) triangulating (in the absence of a direct
correspondence, corroborating digital representations relative to other
representations).
Chinese: 数字技术的多功能性依赖于一种能力，即在一个领域中代表并随后算法选择地操纵物理过程、对象或质量。组织上真实的数字表示是那些不仅具备能力，而且实际上融入日常工作实践中的表示。经验上，我们借鉴了为期四年的海上石油和天然气生产案例研究。我们的案例生动地展示了基于物联网（IoT）的可视化和数据驱动的预测，这些是数字化改造工业流程和制造业企业的典型特征。我们通过识别和讨论数字表示成为组织上真实的三种机制做出了贡献：(i) 噪声减少（从噪声中筛选出信号的战略和启发式方法），(ii) 物理锚定（将数字表示与相应的物理测量相结合），以及(iii) 三角测量（在没有直接对应关系的情况下，通过与其他表示进行相互印证来证实数字表示）。
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English: We investigate the observed pentaquark candidates $P_c(4312)$, $P_c(4440)$
and $P_c(4457)$ from the latest LHCb measurement, as well as four possible spin
partners in the $\bar{D}^{(*)}\Sigma_c^*$ system predicted from the heavy quark
spin symmetry with the hadronic molecule scenarios. Similar to the previous
calculation on $P_c(4380)$ and $P_c(4450)$, the partial widths of all the
allowed decay channels for these $P_c$ states are estimated with the effective
Lagrangian method. The cutoff dependence of our numerical results are also
presented. Comparing with the experimental widths, our results show that
$P_c(4312)$, $P_c(4440)$ and $P_c(4457)$ can be described well with the
spin-parity-$1/2^-$-$\bar{D}\Sigma_c$, $1/2^-$-$\bar{D}^*\Sigma_c$ and
$3/2^-$-$\bar{D}^*\Sigma_c$ molecule pictures, respectively.
Chinese: 我们研究了来自最新LHCb测量的观察到的五夸克候选粒子$P_c(4312)$、$P_c(4440)$和$P_c(4457)$，以及从重夸克自旋对称性和强子分子情景预测的$\bar{D}^{(*)}\Sigma_c^*$系统中四个可能的自旋伙伴。与之前对$P_c(4380)$和$P_c(4450)$的计算类似，我们使用有效拉格朗日方法估计了这些$P_c$状态所有允许衰变通道的部分宽度。我们的数值结果的截止依赖性也被展示出来。与实验宽度比较，我们的结果表明$P_c(4312)$、$P_c(4440)$和$P_c(4457)$分别可以用自旋宇称$1/2^-$-$\bar{D}\Sigma_c$、$1/2^-$-$\bar{D}^*\Sigma_c$和$3/2^-$-$\bar{D}^*\Sigma_c$分子图像很好地描述。
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English: While discriminative neural network classifiers are generally preferred,
recent work has shown advantages of generative classifiers in term of data
efficiency and robustness. In this paper, we focus on natural language
inference (NLI). We propose GenNLI, a generative classifier for NLI tasks, and
empirically characterize its performance by comparing it to five baselines,
including discriminative models and large-scale pretrained language
representation models like BERT. We explore training objectives for
discriminative fine-tuning of our generative classifiers, showing improvements
over log loss fine-tuning from prior work . In particular, we find strong
results with a simple unbounded modification to log loss, which we call the
"infinilog loss". Our experiments show that GenNLI outperforms both
discriminative and pretrained baselines across several challenging NLI
experimental settings, including small training sets, imbalanced label
distributions, and label noise.
Chinese: 虽然判别性神经网络分类器通常更受欢迎，但最近的工作表明，在数据效率和鲁棒性方面，生成式分类器具有优势。在本论文中，我们专注于自然语言推理（NLI）。我们提出GenNLI，一种用于NLI任务的生成式分类器，并通过比较它与五个基准模型（包括判别性模型和大规模预训练的语言表示模型如BERT）来经验性地描述其性能。我们探索了为我们的生成分类器进行判别性微调而设计的训练目标，展示了相对于先前工作中的对数损失微调所取得的改进。特别是，我们发现使用一种简单的无界修改对数损失，我们称之为“infinilog损失”，能取得优异结果。我们的实验表明，GenNLI在多个具有挑战性的NLI实验设置中，包括小训练集、标签分布不均衡和标签噪声，均优于判别性和预训练基准模型。
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English: The availability of collisional rate coefficients is a prerequisite for an
accurate interpretation of astrophysical observations, since the observed media
often harbour densities where molecules are populated under non--LTE
conditions. In the current study, we present calculations of rate coefficients
suitable to describe the various spin isomers of multiply deuterated ammonia,
namely the ND$_2$H and ND$_3$ isotopologues. These calculations are based on
the most accurate NH$_3$--H$_2$ potential energy surface available, which has
been modified to describe the geometrical changes induced by the nuclear
substitutions. The dynamical calculations are performed within the
close--coupling formalism and are carried out in order to provide rate
coefficients up to a temperature of $T$ = 50K. For the various
isotopologues/symmetries, we provide rate coefficients for the energy levels
below $\sim$ 100 cm$^{-1}$. Subsequently, these new rate coefficients are used
in astrophysical models aimed at reproducing the NH$_2$D, ND$_2$H and ND$_3$
observations previously reported towards the prestellar cores B1b and 16293E.
We thus update the estimates of the corresponding column densities and find a
reasonable agreement with the previous models. In particular, the
ortho--to--para ratios of NH$_2$D and NHD$_2$ are found to be consistent with
the statistical ratios.
Chinese: 碰撞速率系数的可用性是准确解释天体物理观测的先决条件，因为观测到的介质中往往存在分子在非LTE条件下被占据的密度。在当前研究中，我们展示了适合描述多重氘代氨的各种自旋异构体（即ND$_2$H和ND$_3$同位素）的速率系数的计算。这些计算基于最精确的NH$_3$-H$_2$势能面，该势能面已被修改以描述由核取代引起的几何变化。动态计算在紧耦合形式下进行，并执行以提供高达T = 50K的速率系数。对于各种同位素/对称性，我们提供了低于$\sim$ 100 cm$^{-1}$的能量级的速率系数。随后，这些新的速率系数被用于旨在重现先前报道的B1b和16293E前星核的NH$_2$D、ND$_2$H和ND$_3$观测的天体物理模型。因此，我们更新了相应的柱密度估计，并发现与先前模型有合理的吻合。特别是，NH$_2$D和NHD$_2$的顺-反比与统计比一致。
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English: This catalog summarizes 117 high-confidence > 0.1 GeV gamma-ray pulsar
detections using three years of data acquired by the Large Area Telescope (LAT)
on the Fermi satellite. Half are neutron stars discovered using LAT data,
through periodicity searches in gamma-ray and radio data around LAT
unassociated source positions. The 117 pulsars are evenly divided into three
groups: millisecond pulsars, young radio-loud pulsars, and young radio-quiet
pulsars. We characterize the pulse profiles and energy spectra and derive
luminosities when distance information exists. Spectral analysis of the
off-peak phase intervals indicates probable pulsar wind nebula emission for
four pulsars, and off-peak magnetospheric emission for several young and
millisecond pulsars. We compare the gamma-ray properties with those in the
radio, optical, and X-ray bands. We provide flux limits for pulsars with no
observed gamma-ray emission, highlighting a small number of gamma-faint,
radio-loud pulsars. The large, varied gamma-ray pulsar sample constrains
emission models. Fermi's selection biases complement those of radio surveys,
enhancing comparisons with predicted population distributions.
Chinese: 本目录总结了使用费米卫星上的大面积望远镜（LAT）收集的三年数据，对117个高置信度> 0.1 GeV伽马射线脉冲星的探测。其中一半是通过在LAT未关联源位置周围的伽马射线和无线电数据中进行周期性搜索发现的中子星。117个脉冲星被均匀地分为三组：毫秒脉冲星、年轻的高功率无线电脉冲星和年轻的低功率无线电脉冲星。我们描述了脉冲轮廓和能量光谱，并在存在距离信息的情况下推导出亮度。峰值相位间隔的光谱分析表明，四个脉冲星可能存在脉冲星风星云发射，以及几个年轻和毫秒脉冲星的峰值磁层发射。我们比较了伽马射线特性与无线电、光学和X射线波段中的特性。我们为没有观测到伽马射线发射的脉冲星提供了通量限制，突出了少数伽马射线微弱、无线电高功率的脉冲星。大型的、多样化的伽马射线脉冲星样本限制了发射模型。费米的选择偏差补充了无线电调查的偏差，增强了与预测人口分布的比较。
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English: A noncentral chi-square density is log-concave if the degree of freedom is
nu>=2. We complement this known result by showing that, for each 0<nu<2, there
exists lambda_nu>0 such that the chi-square with nu degrees of freedom and
noncentrality parameter lambda has a decreasing density if lambda <= lambda_nu,
and is bi-modal otherwise. The critical lambda_nu is characterized by an
equation involving a ratio of modified Bessel functions. When an interior mode
exists we derive precise bounds on its location.
Chinese: 非中心卡方密度在自由度ν≥2时是对数凹的。我们通过展示对于每个0<ν<2，存在一个λ_ν>0，使得具有ν个自由度和非中心参数λ的卡方分布，当λ≤λ_ν时具有递减密度，否则为双峰分布。关键的λ_ν由一个涉及修正贝塞尔函数比率的方程来表征。当存在内部模式时，我们推导出其位置的精确界限。
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English: Traditional optical imaging systems can provide high-quality imaging with
complicated and expensive optical design by eliminating aberrations. With the
help of optical memory effect (ME), not independently improving single imaging
parameter, but simultaneously improving several imaging parameters by adding
scattering media to the imaging systems was demonstrated firstly. As an
example, in a simple single-lens imaging system, except the depth-of-field
(DOF) was improved greatly, spherical aberration, coma aberration and chromatic
aberration were eliminated simultaneously by placing a scattering medium
between the lens and the camera. The results indicate the potential
applications of scattering media in many fields such as optical imaging,
optical measurements and biomedical applications.
Chinese: 传统光学成像系统可以通过消除像差，通过复杂且昂贵的光学设计提供高质量成像。在光学记忆效应（ME）的帮助下，首次证明不是独立改进单个成像参数，而是通过向成像系统添加散射介质来同时改进多个成像参数。例如，在一个简单的单透镜成像系统中，除了极大地提高了景深（DOF），通过在透镜和相机之间放置散射介质，同时消除了球差、彗差和色差。结果表明散射介质在光学成像、光学测量和生物医学应用等多个领域的潜在应用。
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English: We discuss in this article the usefulness of the effective Lagrangians
(L_eff) of QED and QCD within the one-loop approximation. Instead of
calculating L_eff via complicated computations with Schwinger's proper-time
technique or Feynman graphs, we prefer to employ the energy-momentum tensor and
the leading-log model. The advantage is that we do not have to demand the
external electromagnetic or color field to be constant. There are also some
critical remarks added which cast doubt on the use of LQCD with covariant
constant fields in explaining the nature of the QCD vacuum.
Chinese: 本文讨论了在单圈近似下，量子电动力学（QED）和量子色动力学（QCD）的有效拉格朗日量（L_eff）的有用性。我们更倾向于使用能量动量张量和主导对数模型，而不是通过施温格的恰当时间技术或费曼图进行复杂的计算来计算L_eff。其优势在于，我们不需要要求外部的电磁场或色场是常数。此外，还有一些关键的评论被添加进来，这些评论对使用协变常数场来解释QCD真空性质中的LQCD的使用提出了质疑。
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English: In this paper we prove the Rigidity Theorem for motives of rigid analytic
varieties over a non-Archimedean valued field $K$. We prove this theorem both
for motives with transfers and without transfers in a relative setting.
Applications include the construction of \'etale realization functors, an
upgrade of the known comparison between motives with and without transfers and
an upgrade of the rigid analytic motivic tilting equivalence, extending them to
$\mathrm{Z}[1/p]$-coefficients.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，我们证明了非阿基米德有值域场 $K$ 上刚性解析簇的动机的刚性定理。我们既在相对环境下证明了带有转移的动机，也证明了不带转移的动机的该定理。应用包括构造 \'etale 实现算子，这是已知带有和不带有转移的动机之间比较的升级，以及刚性解析动机倾斜等价的升级，将它们扩展到 $\mathrm{Z}[1/p]$-系数。
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English: Over the past century, a large community within theoretical physics has been
seeking a unified framework for quantum gravity. Yet, to date, there is still
no experimental evidence of any non-classical features of gravity. While
traditional experimental proposals would usually require immensely challenging
Planck scale experiments, recent table-top protocols based on low-energy
quantum control have opened a new avenue into the investigation of
non-classical gravity. An approach that has sparked high interest, both in
terms of experimental feasibility and of theoretical implications, is the
indirect witnessing of non-classical gravity through the detection of its
capacity to act as an entangling channel. Most discussions have been centred on
the entanglement generation between two gravitationally coupled massive
systems. In this work, we instead examine the entangling capacity of the
gravitational interaction between two light pulses. We explain the main
experimental and theoretical advantages of having a photonic protocol, and lay
out the steps leading to the determination of the entangling phase, using the
path integral formalism and linearised gravity. We establish a closed form
formula for the entangling phase and provide an estimated order of magnitude of
the average photon number required for the generation of appreciable phase.
Using statistical analysis, we show how entanglement may be certified with
lower phase signal.
Chinese: 在过去的一个世纪里，理论物理学中的一个大型社区一直在寻求量子引力的统一框架。然而，迄今为止，仍然没有关于引力任何非经典特征的实验证据。虽然传统的实验方案通常需要极其具有挑战性的普朗克尺度实验，但基于低能量子控制的最近桌面协议为非经典引力的研究开辟了一条新的途径。一种在实验可行性和理论意义方面都引起高度兴趣的方法是通过检测其作为纠缠通道的能力来间接见证非经典引力。大多数讨论都集中在两个引力耦合的巨大系统之间的纠缠生成。在这项工作中，我们反而考察了两个光脉冲之间引力相互作用的纠缠能力。我们解释了拥有光子协议的主要实验和理论优势，并概述了使用路径积分形式和线性化引力来确定纠缠相位的步骤。我们建立了一个纠缠相位的封闭形式公式，并提供了生成可感知相位所需的平均光子数的估计量级。使用统计分析，我们展示了如何通过较低的相位信号来认证纠缠。
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English: In this paper, we present a large-scale characterization of the Manosphere, a
conglomerate of Web-based misogynist movements roughly focused on "men's
issues," which has seen significant growth over the past years. We do so by
gathering and analyzing 28.8M posts from 6 forums and 51 subreddits. Overall,
we paint a comprehensive picture of the evolution of the Manosphere on the Web,
showing the links between its different communities over the years. We find
that milder and older communities, such as Pick Up Artists and Men's Rights
Activists, are giving way to more extremist ones like Incels and Men Going
Their Own Way, with a substantial migration of active users. Moreover, our
analysis suggests that these newer communities are more toxic and misogynistic
than the former.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，我们展示了对男性主义群体（Manosphere）的大规模描述，这是一个基于网络的仇视女性的运动集合，其大致聚焦于“男性问题”，在过去几年中经历了显著的增长。我们通过收集和分析来自6个论坛和51个subreddit的2880万个帖子来实现这一点。总体而言，我们描绘了网络男性主义群体演变的全面图景，展示了其不同社区在多年间的联系。我们发现，较温和且较老的社区，如搭讪艺术家和男性权利活动家，正在让位于更极端的社区，如incels和Men Going Their Own Way，伴随着活跃用户的实质性迁移。此外，我们的分析表明，这些较新的社区比前者更具毒性和仇视女性的倾向。
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English: We present an analysis of the optical data of the Hubble Deep Field South. We
derive F300W(AB), F450W(AB), F606W(AB) and F814W(AB) number counts for galaxies
in all four bands. The slope is steeper at shortest wavelengths: we estimated
gamma(F300W(AB))=0.47, gamma(F450W(AB))=0.35, gamma(F606W(AB))=0.28 and
gamma(F814W(AB))=0.28. Morphological number counts are actually dominated by
late type galaxies, while early type galaxies show a decreasing slope at faint
magnitudes. Combining this information with photometric redshifts, we notice
that galaxies contributing with a steep slope to morphological number counts
(i.e. spiral and irregular galaxies) have z>1, suggesting a moderate merging.
However we emphasize that any cut in apparent magnitude at optical wavelengths
results in samples biased against elliptical galaxies, affecting as a
consequence the redshift distributions and the implications on the evolution of
galaxies along the Hubble sequence.
Chinese: 我们对哈勃深场南的光学数据进行了分析。我们推导了所有四个波段中星系在F300W(AB)、F450W(AB)、F606W(AB)和F814W(AB)上的数量计数。在波长最短处，斜率更陡峭：我们估计gamma(F300W(AB))=0.47，gamma(F450W(AB))=0.35，gamma(F606W(AB))=0.28，gamma(F814W(AB))=0.28。形态数量计数实际上主要由晚型星系主导，而早型星系在暗亮度下显示出递减的斜率。结合这些信息与测光红移，我们发现对形态数量计数贡献陡峭斜率的星系（即旋涡星系和不规则星系）z>1，表明存在中等程度的合并。然而，我们强调，任何在光学波长上的表观星等切割都会导致样本对椭圆星系产生偏差，从而影响红移分布以及对哈勃序列中星系演化的启示。
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English: We aim to introduce a new extension of Mittag-Leffler function via q-analogue
and obtained their significant properties including integral representation,
q-differentiation, q-Laplace transform, image formula under q-derivative
operators. We also consider some particular cases to give the applications of
our main results.
Chinese: 我们旨在通过q类似物引入Mittag-Leffler函数的新扩展，并获得了其重要性质，包括积分表示、q微分、q拉普拉斯变换以及在q微分算子下的像公式。我们还考虑了一些特殊情况，以给出我们主要结果的应用。
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English: Peer review lies at the core of the academic process, but even
well-intentioned reviewers can still provide noisy ratings. While ranking
papers by average ratings may reduce noise, varying noise levels and systematic
biases stemming from ``cheap'' signals (e.g. author identity, proof length) can
lead to unfairness. Detecting and correcting bias is challenging, as ratings
are subjective and unverifiable. Unlike previous works relying on prior
knowledge or historical data, we propose a one-shot noise calibration process
without any prior information. We ask reviewers to predict others' scores and
use these predictions for calibration. Assuming reviewers adjust their
predictions according to the noise, we demonstrate that the calibrated score
results in a more robust ranking compared to average ratings, even with varying
noise levels and biases. In detail, we show that the error probability of the
calibrated score approaches zero as the number of reviewers increases and is
significantly lower compared to average ratings when the number of reviewers is
small.
Chinese: 同行评审是学术流程的核心，但即便是善意评审者仍可能提供噪声评分。虽然通过平均评分对论文进行排名可以减少噪声，但源自"廉价"信号（如作者身份、证明长度）的变噪声水平和系统性偏差会导致不公平。检测和纠正偏差具有挑战性，因为评分具有主观性和不可验证性。与依赖先验知识或历史数据的先前工作不同，我们提出一种无需任何先验信息的单次噪声校准流程。我们要求评审者预测他人的评分，并使用这些预测进行校准。假设评审者根据噪声调整其预测，我们证明校准评分比平均评分产生更鲁棒的排名，即使在噪声水平和偏差变化的情况下也是如此。具体而言，我们证明随着评审者数量的增加，校准评分的误差概率趋近于零，且当评审者数量较少时，其误差概率显著低于平均评分。
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English: We demonstrate the preparation and probing of the coherence between the
hyperfine ground states |5S_{1/2}, F=1> and |5S_{1/2}, F=2> of the Rubidium 87
isotope. The effect of various coherence control techniques, i.e. fractional
Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage and Coherent Population Return on the
coherence are investigated. These techniques are implemented using nearly
degenerate pump and Stokes lasers at 795nm (Rubidium D1 transition) which
couple the two hyperfine ground states via the excited state |5P_{1/2}, F=1>
through a resonant two-photon process, in which a coherent superposition of the
two hyperfine ground states is established. The medium is probed by an
additional weak laser, which generates a four-wave mixing signal proportional
to the ground state coherence, and allows us to monitor its evolution in time.
The experimental data are compared with numerical simulations.
Chinese: 我们展示了铷87同位素超精细基态|5S_{1/2}, F=1>和|5S_{1/2}, F=2>之间相干性的制备和探测。研究了各种相干控制技术，即分数拉曼绝热跃迁和相干人口返回对相干性的影响。这些技术使用接近简并的泵浦和斯托克斯激光器在795nm（铷D1跃迁）处实现，这些激光器通过激发态|5P_{1/2}, F=1>通过共振双光子过程耦合两个超精细基态，在该过程中建立了两个超精细基态的相干叠加。介质通过一个额外的弱激光进行探测，该激光产生一个与基态相干成正比的四波混频信号，并允许我们监测其在时间上的演化。实验数据与数值模拟进行了比较。
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English: In this paper, we present nontrivial upper and lower bounds on the secrecy
capacity of the degraded Gaussian diamond-wiretap channel and identify several
ranges of channel parameters where these bounds coincide with useful
intuitions. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of the presence of an
eavesdropper on the capacity. We consider the following two scenarios regarding
the availability of randomness: 1) a common randomness is available at the
source and the two relays and 2) a randomness is available only at the source
and there is no available randomness at the relays. We obtain the upper bound
by taking into account the correlation between the two relay signals and the
availability of randomness at each encoder. For the lower bound, we propose two
types of coding schemes: 1) a decode-and-forward scheme where the relays
cooperatively transmit the message and the fictitious message and 2) a partial
DF scheme incorporated with multicoding in which each relay sends an
independent partial message and the whole or partial fictitious message using
dependent codewords.
Chinese: 在这篇论文中，我们提出了关于退化高斯钻石窃听信道的保密容量的一些非平凡的上界和下界，并确定了几个信道参数范围，在这些范围内这些界限与有用的直觉相吻合。此外，我们还研究了窃听者存在对容量的影响。关于随机性的可用性，我们考虑以下两种场景：1）源和两个中继节点都可用共同随机性；2）只有源可用随机性，中继节点没有可用随机性。我们通过考虑两个中继信号之间的相关性以及每个编码器处随机性的可用性来获得上界。对于下界，我们提出了两种类型的编码方案：1）一种解码转发方案，其中中继节点合作传输消息和虚构消息；2）一种部分DF方案，其中每个中继发送一个独立的部分消息和整个或部分虚构消息，使用相关的码字。
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English: The chaotic nature of ocean motion is a major challenge that hinders the
discovery of spatio-temporal current routes that govern the transport of
material. Certain material, such as oil spills, pose significant environmental
threats and these are enhanced by the fact that they evolve in a chaotic sea,
in a way which still nowadays is far from being systematically anticipated.
Recently such an oil spill event has affected the Mediterranean coast of
several Middle Eastern countries. No accidents were reported for these spills
previous to their arrival at the coast, and therefore there was no hint of
their origin. Modelling such an event, in which uncertainties are increased due
to the lack of information on where and when the spills was produced, stretches
available technologies to their limits, and requires the use of novel ideas
that help to understand the essential features of oil and tar transport by
ocean currents. In this regard Lagrangian Coherent Structures enable us to find
order within ocean chaos and provide powerful insights into chaotic events and
their relationships over different locations and times like the one addressed.
Using the observed locations of the oil impacting the coast at specific times,
we seek to determine its original location and the time it was released in the
open ocean. We have determined both using a combination of earlier satellite
observations and computational modelling of the time evolution. The observed
agreement between modeled cases and satellite observations highlights the power
of these ideas.
Chinese: 海洋运动的混沌特性是阻碍发现控制物质运输的时空流路的主要挑战。某些物质，如油污泄漏，对环境构成重大威胁，而且由于它们在混沌的海洋中演变，这种演变方式至今仍未被系统地预测。最近，这样一次油污泄漏事件影响了几个中东国家的地中海海岸。在油污到达海岸之前，没有报告任何事故，因此没有关于其来源的任何线索。由于缺乏关于油污产生的时间和地点的信息，对这样的事件进行建模，不确定性增加，将现有技术推到了极限，并需要使用新颖的想法来帮助理解海洋流对油和沥青运输的基本特征。在这方面，拉格朗日相干结构使我们能够在海洋混沌中找到秩序，并为不同地点和时间的事件及其关系提供强有力的见解，如上述事件。通过使用特定时间观察到的油污撞击海岸的位置，我们试图确定其原始位置和它在公海中被释放的时间。我们已经通过结合早期的卫星观测和计算模型的时间演变来确定这两个因素。模型案例与卫星观测之间的观察到的吻合凸显了这些想法的力量。
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English: In this paper, we investigate the robustness to external disturbances of
switched discrete and continuous systems with multiple equilibria. It is shown
that if each subsystem of the switched system is Input-to-State Stable (ISS),
then under switching signals that satisfy an average dwell-time bound, the
solutions are ultimately bounded within a compact set. Furthermore, the size of
this set varies monotonically with the supremum norm of the disturbance signal.
It is observed that when the subsystems share a common equilibrium, ISS is
recovered for solutions of the corresponding switched system; hence, the
results in this paper are a natural generalization of classical results in
switched systems that exhibit a common equilibrium. Additionally, we provide a
method to analytically compute the average dwell time if each subsystem
possesses a quadratic ISS-Lyapunov function. Our motivation for studying this
class of switched systems arises from certain motion planning problems in
robotics, where primitive motions, each corresponding to an equilibrium point
of a dynamical system, must be composed to realize a task. However, the results
are relevant to a much broader class of applications, in which composition of
different modes of behavior is required.
Chinese: 在本论文中，我们研究了具有多个平衡点的切换离散和连续系统的对外部扰动的鲁棒性。研究表明，如果切换系统的每个子系统都是输入到状态稳定（ISS）的，那么在满足平均驻留时间界限的切换信号下，解将在有限时间内被限制在紧集内。此外，这个集合的大小单调地随扰动信号的无穷范数变化。我们观察到，当子系统共享一个共同平衡点时，ISS对于相应切换系统的解被恢复；因此，本文的结果是对具有共同平衡点的切换系统的经典结果的自然推广。此外，我们提供了一种分析计算平均驻留时间的方法，如果每个子系统都具有二次ISS-Lyapunov函数。我们研究这类切换系统的动机来自于机器人学中的某些运动规划问题，其中基本的运动，每个对应于一个动态系统的平衡点，必须被组合以实现一个任务。然而，这些结果对于需要不同行为模式组合的广泛应用类别也是相关的。
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English: The emission mechanism of the gamma-ray binary LS5039 in energy bands of TeV,
GeV, and X-ray is investigated. Observed light curves in LS5039 show that TeV
and GeV fluxes anticorrelate and TeV and X-ray fluxes correlate. However, such
correlated variations have not been explained yet reasonably at this stage.
Assuming that relativistic electrons are injected constantly at the location of
the compact object as a point source, and that they lose energy only by the
inverse Compton (IC) process, we calculate gamma-ray spectra and light curves
by the Monte Carlo method, including the full electromagnetic cascade process.
Moreover, we calculated X-ray spectra and light curves by using the resultant
electron distribution. As a result, we are able to reproduce qualitatively
spectra and light curves observed by HESS, Fermi, and Suzaku for the
inclination angle i = 30 dig and the index of injected electron distribution p
= 2.5. We conclude that TeV-GeV anticorrelation is due to anisotropic IC
scattering and anisotropic gamma-gamma absorption, and that TeV-X correlation
is due to the dependence of IC cooling time on orbital phases. In addition, the
constraint on the inclination angle implies that the compact object in LS5039
is a black hole.
Chinese: 对伽马射线双星LS5039在TeV、GeV和X射线能段的发射机制进行了研究。LS5039观测到的光变曲线表明，TeV和GeV通量呈负相关，而TeV和X射线通量呈正相关。然而，现阶段对这种相关变化尚未给出合理的解释。假设相对论电子以点源形式持续注入致密天体位置，并且它们仅通过逆康普顿（IC）过程损失能量，我们通过蒙特卡洛方法计算了伽马射线谱和光变曲线，包括完整的电磁级联过程。此外，我们利用所得电子分布计算了X射线谱和光变曲线。结果表明，对于倾角i = 30度和注入电子分布指数p = 2.5的情况，我们能够定性地再现HESS、Fermi和Suzaku观测到的谱和光变曲线。我们得出结论，TeV-GeV负相关是由于各向异性的IC散射和各向异性的伽马-伽马吸收造成的，而TeV-X正相关是由于IC冷却时间对轨道相位依赖性的结果。此外，倾角限制表明LS5039中的致密天体是黑洞。
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English: In this paper, we introduce new technique for determining some necessary and
sufficient conditions of the normalized Bessel functions $j_{\nu}$, normalized
Struve functions $h_{\nu}$ and normalized Lommel functions $s_{\mu,\nu}$ of the
first kind, to be in the subclasses of starlike and convex functions of order
$\alpha$ and type $\beta$.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们介绍了一种新技术，用于确定规范化贝塞尔函数 $j_{\nu}$、规范化斯特鲁维函数 $h_{\nu}$ 和规范化洛美尔函数 $s_{\mu,\nu}$（第一类）成为阶数为 $\alpha$ 和类型为 $\beta$ 的星形和凸函数的必要和充分条件。
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English: We study two-dimensional U($N$) and SU($N$) gauge theories with a topological
term on arbitrary surfaces. Starting from a lattice formulation we derive the
continuum limit of the action which turns out to be a generalisation of the
heat kernel in the presence of a topological term. In the continuum limit we
can reconstruct the topological information encoded in the theta term. In the
topologically trivial cases the theta term gives only a trivial shift to the
ground state energy but in the topologically nontrivial ones it remains to be
coupled to the dynamics in the continuum. In particular for the U($N$) gauge
group on orientable surfaces it gives rise to a phase transition at $\theta=
\pi$, similar to the ones observed in other models. Using the equivalence of 2d
QCD and a 1d fermion gas on a circle we rewrite our result in the fermionic
language and show that the theta term can be also interpreted as an external
magnetic field imposed on the fermions.
Chinese: 我们研究在任意表面上带有拓扑项的二维U($N$)和SU($N$)规范理论。从格点形式出发，我们推导出作用量的连续极限，该极限被证明是拓扑项存在下热核的推广。在连续极限中，我们可以重构theta项中编码的拓扑信息。在拓扑平凡的场合，theta项仅对基态能量产生平凡位移，但在拓扑非平凡的场合，它仍需与连续极限中的动力学耦合。特别地，对于可定向表面上的U($N$)规范群，它在 $\theta=\pi$ 处引发相变，类似于在其他模型中观察到的相变。利用二维QCD与圆圈上的一维费米气体的等价性，我们将结果改写为费米子语言，并表明theta项也可解释为施加在费米子上的外部磁场。
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English: Sources of error fields were indirectly inferred in a stellarator by
reconciling computed and numerical flux surfaces. Sources considered so far
include the displacements and tilts (but not the deformations, yet) of the four
circular coils featured in the simple CNT stellarator. The flux surfaces were
measured by means of an electron beam and phosphor rod, and were computed by
means of a Biot-Savart field-line tracing code. If the ideal coil locations and
orientations are used in the computation, agreement with measurements is poor.
Discrepancies are ascribed to errors in the positioning and orientation of the
in-vessel interlocked coils. To that end, an iterative numerical method was
developed. A Newton-Raphson algorithm searches for the coils' displacements and
tilts that minimize the discrepancy between the measured and computed flux
surfaces. This method was verified by misplacing and tilting the coils in a
numerical model of CNT, calculating the flux surfaces that they generated, and
testing the algorithm's ability to deduce the coils' displacements and tilts.
Subsequently, the numerical method was applied to the experimental data,
arriving at a set of coil displacements whose resulting field errors exhibited
significantly improved quantitative and qualitative agreement with experimental
results.
Chinese: 在一种恒星器中，通过协调计算和数值通量面，间接推断出误差场的来源。迄今为止考虑的来源包括简单CNT恒星器中四个圆形线圈的位置偏移和倾斜（但还不是变形）。通量面是通过电子束和磷光棒测量的，并通过Biot-Savart场线追踪代码计算得出的。如果在计算中使用理想的线圈位置和方向，与测量的结果一致性较差。差异归因于容器内互锁线圈的位置和方向错误。为此，开发了一种迭代数值方法。牛顿-拉夫森算法寻找线圈的位置偏移和倾斜，以最小化测量和计算通量面之间的差异。这种方法通过在CNT的数值模型中将线圈放置错误并倾斜，计算它们产生的通量面，并测试算法推断线圈位置偏移和倾斜的能力来验证。随后，将数值方法应用于实验数据，得出了一组线圈位移，其产生的场误差与实验结果在数量和质量上显示出显著的一致性。
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English: We investigate the integrability of the boundary state arising from the
subdeterminant operators in the alternating SU(4) spin chain in ABJM theory.
Our findings show that the resulting matrix product states are only integrable
for two special giant gravitons, including the maximal giant graviton.
Furthermore, we extend our analysis to more general boundary states.
Chinese: 我们研究了ABJM理论中交替SU(4)自旋链中子行列式算符产生的边界态的可积性。我们的发现表明，所得到的矩阵乘积态仅对两个特殊的大引力子可积，包括最大的大引力子。此外，我们将我们的分析扩展到了更一般的边界态。
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English: Anisotropic flow coefficients and their fluctuations are investigated for
Au+Au collisions at center of mass energy $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV by using a
multi-phase transport model with string melting scenario. Experimental results
of azimuthal anisotropies by means of the two- and four-particle cumulants are
generally well reproduced by the model including both parton cascade and
hadronic rescatterings. Event-by-event treatments of the harmonic flow
coefficients $v_n$ (for n = 2, 3 and 4) are performed, in which event
distributions of $v_n$ for different orders are consistent with Gaussian shapes
over all centrality bins. Systematic studies on centrality, transverse momentum
($p_{T}$) and pseudo-rapidity ($\eta$) dependencies of anisotropic flows and
quantitative estimations of the flow fluctuations are presented. The $p_{T}$
and $\eta$ dependencies of absolute fluctuations for both $v_2$ and $v_3$
follow similar trends as their flow coefficients. Relative fluctuation of
triangular flow $v_3$ is slightly centrality-dependent, which is quite
different from that of elliptic flow $v_2$. It is observed that parton cascade
has a large effect on the flow fluctuations, but hadronic scatterings make
little contribution to the flow fluctuations, which indicates flow fluctuations
are mainly modified during partonic evolution stage.
Chinese: 本文研究了在中心动量能量 $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV 的 Au+Au 碰撞中，各向异性流系数及其涨落。采用包含弦熔解机制的多相输运模型，实验结果通过两粒子和四粒子关联的方法得到的方位角各向异性结果被模型较好地重现，该模型同时考虑了部分子级联和强子再散射。对各向异性流系数 $v_n$（n = 2, 3, 4）进行了事件-事件处理，不同阶数 $v_n$ 的事件分布均符合高斯分布，且适用于所有碰撞中心度。研究了中心度、横向动量（$p_{T}$）和伪快速度（$\eta$）对各向异性流及其涨落的影响，并对各向异性流涨落进行了定量估计。$p_{T}$ 和 $\eta$ 对 $v_2$ 和 $v_3$ 的绝对涨落的影响趋势与它们的流系数相似。$v_3$ 的相对涨落略微随中心度变化，与 $v_2$ 的相对涨落差异较大。观察到部分子级联对流涨落有显著影响，但强子再散射对流涨落的贡献较小，这表明流涨落主要在部分子演化阶段被修改。
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English: Diffusion-based image generation models, such as Stable Diffusion or DALL-E
2, are able to learn from given images and generate high-quality samples
following the guidance from prompts. For instance, they can be used to create
artistic images that mimic the style of an artist based on his/her original
artworks or to maliciously edit the original images for fake content. However,
such ability also brings serious ethical issues without proper authorization
from the owner of the original images. In response, several attempts have been
made to protect the original images from such unauthorized data usage by adding
imperceptible perturbations, which are designed to mislead the diffusion model
and make it unable to properly generate new samples. In this work, we introduce
a perturbation purification platform, named IMPRESS, to evaluate the
effectiveness of imperceptible perturbations as a protective measure. IMPRESS
is based on the key observation that imperceptible perturbations could lead to
a perceptible inconsistency between the original image and the
diffusion-reconstructed image, which can be used to devise a new optimization
strategy for purifying the image, which may weaken the protection of the
original image from unauthorized data usage (e.g., style mimicking, malicious
editing). The proposed IMPRESS platform offers a comprehensive evaluation of
several contemporary protection methods, and can be used as an evaluation
platform for future protection methods.
Chinese: 基于扩散的图像生成模型，例如Stable Diffusion或DALL-E 2，能够从给定的图像中学习并生成高质量的样本，遵循提示的指导。例如，它们可以用来创建模仿艺术家风格的图像，基于其原始艺术品，或者恶意编辑原始图像以生成虚假内容。然而，这种能力在没有获得原始图像所有者适当授权的情况下，也带来了严重的伦理问题。为此，已经尝试通过添加难以察觉的扰动来保护原始图像免受此类未经授权的数据使用，这些扰动旨在误导扩散模型，使其无法正确生成新的样本。在本工作中，我们介绍了一个名为IMPRESS的扰动净化平台，用于评估难以察觉的扰动作为保护措施的有效性。IMPRESS基于一个关键观察，即难以察觉的扰动可能导致原始图像与扩散重建图像之间出现可感知的不一致性，这可以用来设计一种新的优化策略来净化图像，这可能会削弱对原始图像未经授权数据使用（例如风格模仿、恶意编辑）的保护。所提出的IMPRESS平台为几种当代保护方法提供了全面的评估，并可作为未来保护方法的评估平台。
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English: Physical computing is a technology utilizing the nature of electronic devices
and circuit topology to cope with computing tasks. In this paper, we propose an
active circuit network to implement multi-scale Gaussian filter, which is also
called Gaussian Pyramid in image preprocessing. Various kinds of methods have
been tried to accelerate the key stage in image feature extracting algorithm
these years. Compared with existing technologies, GPU parallel computing and
FPGA accelerating technology, physical computing has great advantage on
processing speed as well as power consumption. We have verified that processing
time to implement the Gaussian pyramid of the SIFT algorithm stands on
nanosecond level through the physical computing technology, while other
existing methods all need at least hundreds of millisecond. With an estimate on
the stray capacitance of the circuit, the power consumption is around 670pJ to
filter a 256x256 image. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most fast
processing technology to accelerate the SIFT algorithm, and it is also a rather
energy-efficient method, thanks to the proposed physical computing technology.
Chinese: 物理计算是一种利用电子设备和电路拓扑特性的技术，用于处理计算任务。在本文中，我们提出了一种主动电路网络，用于实现多尺度高斯滤波，这在图像预处理中也被称为高斯金字塔。近年来，已经尝试了各种方法来加速图像特征提取算法中的关键阶段。与现有技术相比，物理计算在处理速度和功耗方面具有显著优势。我们通过物理计算技术验证了实现SIFT算法的高斯金字塔的处理时间达到纳秒级别，而其他现有方法至少需要数百毫秒。通过对电路杂散电容的估算，滤波256x256图像的功耗约为670pJ。据我们所知，这是加速SIFT算法最快处理技术，同时也是相当节能的方法，这得益于所提出的物理计算技术。
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English: Black phosphorus (BP) is an emerging two-dimensional semiconducting material
with great potential for nanoelectronic and nanophotonic applications,
especially owing to its unique anisotropic electrical and optical properties.
Many theoretical studies have predicted the anisotropic optical properties of
BP, but the direct experimental quantification remains challenging. The
difficulties stem from the ease of BP's degradation when exposed to air in
ambient conditions, and from the indirect nature of conventional approaches
that are subject to large measurement uncertainties. This work reports a direct
investigation of the birefringent optical constants of micrometer-thick BP
samples with picosecond (ps) interferometry, over the wavelength range from 780
to 890 nm. In this ps-interferometry approach, an ultrathin (5 nm) platinum
layer for launching acoustic waves naturally protects the BP flake from
degradation. The birefringent optical constants of BP for light polarization
along the two primary crystalline orientations, zigzag and armchair, are
directly obtained via fitting the attenuated Brillouin scattering signals. A
bi-exponential model is further proposed to analyze the BS signals for a random
incident light polarization. The BP experimental results and the associated
measurement sensitivity analysis demonstrate the reliability and accuracy of
the ps-interferometry approach for capturing the polarization-dependent optical
properties of birefringent materials.
Chinese: 黑磷（BP）是一种新兴二维半导体材料，在纳米电子和纳米光子应用方面具有巨大潜力，这主要归因于其独特的各向异性电学和光学特性。许多理论研究预测了BP的各向异性光学特性，但直接实验定量仍具挑战性。这些困难源于BP在环境条件下暴露于空气中易降解，以及传统方法的间接性导致测量存在较大不确定性。本研究通过皮秒（ps）干涉测量法，直接研究了厚度为微米的BP样品在780至890 nm波长范围内的双折射光学常数。在该ps干涉测量方法中，用于激发声波的极薄（5 nm）铂层自然保护了BP薄片免于降解。通过拟合衰减布里渊散射信号，直接获得了沿两种主要晶体取向（锯齿形和扶手椅形）的BP光偏振的双折射光学常数。进一步提出了双指数模型来分析随机入射光偏振的BS信号。BP实验结果及相关测量灵敏度分析表明，ps干涉测量法在捕获双折射材料偏振相关光学特性方面具有可靠性和准确性。
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English: We incorporate quantum size effect to investigate the extrinsic spin-Hall
effect in ultrathin metal films. A Lippmann-Schwinger formalism based
theoretical method, accounting for quantum confinement and surface roughness
scattering, is developed to calculate both spin-Hall and longitudinal
resistivities and spin-Hall angle. The presence of quantum confinement gives
rise to a linear relation $\rho_{sH}=\alpha \rho+\beta$ between the extrinsic
spin-Hall resistivity $\rho_{sH}$ and longitudinal charge resistivity $\rho$.
The linear term $\alpha\rho$ originates from side jump, and the constant
$\beta$ is due to skew scattering. This deviates significantly from the
commonly accepted scaling law $\rho_{sH}=a\rho^2+b\rho$ in a bulk conductor.
Thus we call for cautious interpretation of experimental data when applying the
scaling law.
Chinese: 我们将量子尺寸效应纳入研究，以探讨超薄金属膜中的外禀自旋霍尔效应。我们开发了一种基于Lippmann-Schwinger形式理论的方法，该方法考虑了量子限制和表面粗糙散射，用于计算自旋霍尔电阻率和纵向电荷电阻率以及自旋霍尔角。量子限制的存在导致外禀自旋霍尔电阻率 $\rho_{sH}$ 与纵向电荷电阻率 $\rho$ 之间存在线性关系 $\rho_{sH}=\alpha \rho+\beta$。线性项 $\alpha\rho$ 源于侧向跳跃，而常数 $\beta$ 是由斜向散射引起的。这与体导体中普遍接受的标度律 $\rho_{sH}=a\rho^2+b\rho$ 有显著差异。因此，我们在应用标度律时呼吁对实验数据谨慎解读。
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English: The future where the industrial shop-floors witness humans and robots working
in unison and the domestic households becoming a shared space for both these
agents is not very far. The scientific community has been accelerating towards
that future by extending their research efforts in human-robot interaction
towards human-robot collaboration. It is possible that the anthropomorphic
nature of the humanoid robots could deem the most suitable for such
collaborations in semi-structured, human-centered environments. Wearable
sensing technologies for human agents and efficient human-aware control
strategies for the humanoid robot will be key in achieving a seamless
human-humanoid collaboration. This is where reliable state estimation
strategies become crucial in making sense of the information coming from
multiple distributed sensors attached to the human and those on the robot to
augment the feedback controllers designed for the humanoid robot to aid their
human counterparts. In this context, this thesis investigates the theory of Lie
groups for designing state estimation techniques aimed towards humanoid
locomotion and human motion estimation. [continued]
Chinese: 工业车间见证人类与机器人协同工作，家庭空间成为这两种智能体的共享空间的时代并不遥远。科学界通过将人机交互研究扩展到人机协作，正加速迈向那个未来。人形机器人的人性化特征可能最适合在半结构化、以人为中心的环境中协作。为人类智能体设计的可穿戴传感技术和为人形机器人设计的有效感知控制策略将是实现无缝人机协作的关键。在这个背景下，可靠的状态估计策略对于理解来自人类身上的分布式传感器和机器人上的传感器的信息至关重要，以增强为人形机器人设计的反馈控制器，帮助其人类搭档。本文研究了李群理论，旨在设计用于人形机器人运动和人类运动估计的状态估计技术。[继续]
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English: Experimental data on the n-alpha and dt collisions in the quantum state
J^pi=3/2+ near the dt-threshold are fitted using the semi-analytic
multi-channel Jost matrix with proper analytic structure and some adjustable
parameters. Then the spectral points are sought as zeros of the Jost matrix
determinant (which correspond to the S-matrix poles) at complex energies. The
correct analytic structure makes it possible to calculate the fitted Jost
matrix on any sheet of the Riemann surface whose topology involves not only the
square-root but also the logarithmic branching caused by the Coulomb
interaction. Within a distance of 100,keV above the dt-threshold, three 3/2+
resonances are found on the non-physical sheet of the Riemann surface. Several
S-matrix (shadow) poles on the other sheets of this surface are located as
well.
Chinese: 在量子态J^pi=3/2+接近dt阈值的n-α和dt碰撞的实验数据，使用具有适当解析结构和一些可调参数的半解析多通道Jost矩阵进行拟合。然后，在复能量下寻找Jost矩阵行列式的零点（对应于S矩阵极点）。正确的解析结构使得能够在涉及不仅平方根而且由库仑相互作用引起的对数分支的Riemann曲面的任何片上计算拟合的Jost矩阵。在dt阈值上方100,keV的范围内，在Riemann曲面的非物理片上找到了三个3/2+共振。此外，在这个曲面的其他片上还定位了几个S矩阵（影子）极点。
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English: In this paper we study the spontaneous development of symmetries in the early
layers of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) during learning on natural
images. Our architecture is built in such a way to mimic the early stages of
biological visual systems. In particular, it contains a pre-filtering step
$\ell^0$ defined in analogy with the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN).
Moreover, the first convolutional layer is equipped with lateral connections
defined as a propagation driven by a learned connectivity kernel, in analogy
with the horizontal connectivity of the primary visual cortex (V1). The layer
$\ell^0$ shows a rotational symmetric pattern well approximated by a Laplacian
of Gaussian (LoG), which is a well-known model of the receptive profiles of LGN
cells. The convolutional filters in the first layer can be approximated by
Gabor functions, in agreement with well-established models for the profiles of
simple cells in V1. We study the learned lateral connectivity kernel of this
layer, showing the emergence of orientation selectivity w.r.t. the learned
filters. We also examine the association fields induced by the learned kernel,
and show qualitative and quantitative comparisons with known group-based models
of V1 horizontal connectivity. These geometric properties arise spontaneously
during the training of the CNN architecture, analogously to the emergence of
symmetries in visual systems thanks to brain plasticity driven by external
stimuli.
Chinese: 在本文中，我们研究了卷积神经网络（CNN）在学习自然图像时其早期层中对称性的自发发展。我们的架构设计旨在模拟生物视觉系统的早期阶段。具体而言，它包含一个类比于外侧膝状体（LGN）定义的预滤波步骤$\ell^0$。此外，第一层卷积层配备了侧向连接，定义为由学习到的连接核驱动的传播，类比于初级视觉皮层（V1）的水平连接。层$\ell^0$显示出一种旋转对称模式，该模式很好地近似于高斯拉普拉斯（LoG），后者是LGN细胞感受野的著名模型。第一层的卷积滤波器可以用Gabor函数近似，这与关于V1简单细胞轮廓的成熟模型一致。我们研究了该层学习到的侧向连接核，展示了其相对于学习到的滤波器的方向选择性。我们还考察了由学习到的核诱导的关联域，并与V1水平连接的已知基于组的模型进行了定性和定量比较。这些几何特性在CNN架构的训练过程中自发产生，类似于由于外部刺激驱动的脑可塑性而在视觉系统中出现的对称性。
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English: The region where the main asteroid belt is now located may have started
empty, to become populated early in the history of the Solar system with
material scattered outward by the terrestrial planets and inward by the giant
planets. These dynamical pathways toward the main belt may still be active
today. Here, we present results from a data mining experiment aimed at singling
out present-day members of the main asteroid belt that may have reached the
belt during the last few hundred years. Probable newcomers include 2003 BM1,
2007 RS62, 457175 (2008 GO98), 2010 BG18, 2010 JC58, 2010 JV52, 2010 KS6, 2010
LD74, 2010 OX38, 2011 QQ99, 2013 HT149, 2015 BH103, 2015 BU525, 2015 RO127,
2015 RS139, 2016 PC41, 2016 UU231, 2020 SA75, 2020 UO43, and 2021 UJ5, all of
them in the outer belt. Some of these candidates may have been inserted in
their current orbits after experiencing relatively recent close encounters with
Jupiter. We also investigated the likely source regions of such new arrivals.
Asteroid 2020 UO43, if real, has a non-negligible probability of having an
origin in the Oort cloud or even interstellar space. Asteroid 2003 BM1 may have
come from the neighborhood of Uranus. However, most newcomers -- including
457175, 2011 QQ99, and 2021 UJ5 -- might have had an origin in Centaur orbital
space. The reliability of these findings is assessed within the context of the
uncertainties of the available orbit determinations.
Chinese: 现在主要小行星带所在区域可能最初是空的，在太阳系历史早期，由于类地行星向外散布物质和巨行星向内散布物质，这里开始变得拥挤。这些通往主带的动力学途径可能至今仍然活跃。在这里，我们展示了从数据挖掘实验中获得的结果，旨在筛选出在过去几百年中可能进入主带的小行星带成员。可能的新成员包括2003 BM1、2007 RS62、457175（2008 GO98）、2010 BG18、2010 JC58、2010 JV52、2010 KS6、2010 LD74、2010 OX38、2011 QQ99、2013 HT149、2015 BH103、2015 BU525、2015 RO127、2015 RS139、2016 PC41、2016 UU231、2020 SA75、2020 UO43和2021 UJ5，它们都在外带。其中一些候选者可能在经历相对较近的与木星的近距离接触后，被插入到当前的轨道。我们还研究了这些新到达者的可能来源区域。如果2020 UO43是真实的，那么它有可能起源于奥尔特云甚至星际空间。2003 BM1可能来自天王星的邻近区域。然而，大多数新成员——包括457175、2011 QQ99和2021 UJ5——可能起源于半人马座轨道空间。这些发现的可靠性在现有轨道确定的误差范围内进行了评估。
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English: A coding scheme for the discrete memoryless broadcast channel with
{noiseless, noisy, generalized} feedback is proposed, and the associated
achievable region derived. The scheme is based on a block-Markov strategy
combining the Marton scheme and a lossy version of the Gray-Wyner scheme with
side-information. In each block the transmitter sends fresh data and update
information that allows the receivers to improve the channel outputs observed
in the previous block. For a generalization of Dueck's broadcast channel our
scheme achieves the noiseless-feedback capacity, which is strictly larger than
the no-feedback capacity. For a generalization of Blackwell's channel and when
the feedback is noiseless our new scheme achieves rate points that are outside
the no-feedback capacity region. It follows by a simple continuity argument
that for both these channels and when the feedback noise is sufficiently low,
our scheme improves on the no-feedback capacity even when the feedback is
noisy.
Chinese: 针对具有{无噪声、有噪声、广义}反馈的离散无记忆广播信道，提出了一种编码方案，并推导了相关的可达区域。该方案基于一种结合Marton方案和带边信息的Gray-Wyner方案的有损版本的双马尔可夫策略。在每个块中，发送者发送新鲜数据和更新信息，使接收者能够改进在前一个块中观察到的信道输出。对于Dueck广播信道的推广，我们的方案实现了无噪声反馈容量，该容量严格大于无反馈容量。对于Blackwell信道的推广，当反馈无噪声时，我们的新方案实现了位于无反馈容量区域之外的速率点。通过简单的连续性论证可知，对于这两种信道，当反馈噪声足够低时，即使反馈有噪声，我们的方案也能提高无反馈容量。
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English: Various studies have shown an association between single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) and common disease. We hypothesize that information
encoded in the structure of SNP haploblock variation illumines molecular
pathways and cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of host adaptation
to the environment. We developed and utilized the normalized information
content (NIC), a novel metric based on SNP haploblock variation. We found that
all SNP haploblocks with statistically low information content contained
putative transcription factor binding sites and microRNA motifs. We were able
to translate a biophysical, mathematical measure of common variants into a
deeper understanding of the life sciences through analysis of biochemical
patterns associated with SNP haploblock variation. We submit that this new
metric, NIC, may be useful in decoding the functional significance of common
variation in the human genome and in analyzing the regulation of molecular
pathways involved in host adaptation to environmental pathogens.
Chinese: 各种研究表明，单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）与常见疾病之间存在关联。我们假设，SNP单倍型块变异结构中编码的信息可以阐明参与宿主对环境适应调节的分子途径和细胞机制。我们开发和利用了标准化信息含量（NIC），这是一种基于SNP单倍型块变异的新指标。我们发现，所有信息含量统计上较低的SNP单倍型块都含有假定的转录因子结合位点和microRNA基序。我们能够通过分析与SNP单倍型块变异相关的生化模式，将常见变异的生物物理、数学度量转化为对生命科学的更深入理解。我们认为，这个新指标NIC可能在解码人类基因组中常见变异的功能意义以及在分析参与宿主对环境病原体适应的分子途径的调节方面是有用的。
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English: We consider an array of straight nonlinear waveguides constituting a
two-dimensional square lattice, with a few central layers tilted with respect
to the rest of the structure. It is shown that such configuration represents a
line defect, in the lattice plane, which is periodically modulated along the
propagation direction. In the linear limit, such a system sustains line defect
modes, whose number coincides with the number of tilted layers. In the presence
of nonlinearity the branches of defect solitons propagating along the defect
line bifurcate from each of the linear defect modes. Depending on the effective
dispersion induced by the Floquet spectrum of the underline system the
bifurcating solitons can be either bright or dark. Dynamics and stability of
such solitons are studied numerically.
Chinese: 我们考虑由直线非线性波导组成的二维正方形晶格，其中少数中央层相对于整个结构倾斜。研究表明，这种配置在晶格平面内代表了一种线缺陷，该缺陷沿着传播方向周期性调制。在线性极限下，这样一个系统可以维持线缺陷模式，其数量与倾斜层的数量相同。在非线性存在的情况下，沿着缺陷线传播的缺陷孤子分支从每个线性缺陷模式中分叉出来。根据由基系统傅里叶谱引起的有效色散，分叉孤子可以是明孤子或暗孤子。此类孤子的动力学和稳定性通过数值方法进行了研究。
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English: We investigate the effects of the electromagnetic vacuum field on a
harmonically bound electron. We show that in the electric-dipole approximation
the model atom couples only to an effective one-dimensional electric field. In
a simplified form, in which the problem is reduced to a single spatial
dimension, we determine, analytically, the form of the ground state and discuss
the significance of this.
Chinese: 我们研究了电磁真空场对一个受谐振束缚的电子的影响。我们表明，在电偶极近似下，模型原子仅与一个有效的一维电场耦合。在一个简化的形式中，其中问题被简化为单空间维度，我们解析地确定了基态的形式，并讨论了其意义。
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English: I will discuss an attempt at representing an interface dynamo in a
simplified, essentially 1D framework. The operation of the dynamo is broken up
into two 1D layers, one containing the $\alpha$ effect and the other containing
the $\omega$ effect, and these two layers are allowed to communicate with each
other by the simplest possible representation of diffusion, an analogue of
Newton's law of cooling. Dynamical back-reaction of the magnetic field on
$\omega$ is included. I will show extensive bifurcation diagrams, and contrast
them with diagrams I computed for a comparable purely 1D model. The bifurcation
structure shows remarkable similarity, but a couple of subtle changes imply
dramatically different physical behaviour for the model. In particular, the
solar-like dynamo mode found in the 1-layer model is not stable in the 2-layer
version; instead there is an (apparent) homoclinic bifurcation and a sequence
of periodic, quasiperiodic, and chaotic modes. I argue that the fragility of
these models makes them effectively useless as predictors or interpreters of
more complex dynamos.
Chinese: 我将讨论在简化的、本质上是一维的框架中表征界面发电机的一次尝试。发电机的运行被分为两个一维层，一个包含α效应，另一个包含ω效应，这两个层通过可能的最简单的扩散表示，即牛顿冷却定律的类似物，相互通信。包括磁场对ω的动力学反作用。我将展示广泛的分岔图，并将它们与我为一个类似的纯一维模型计算出的图进行对比。分岔结构显示出显著的相似性，但几个细微的变化暗示了模型物理行为的显著不同。特别是，在单层模型中发现的类似太阳的发电机模式在双层版本中不稳定；相反，存在一个（明显的）同宿分岔和一系列周期性、准周期性和混沌模式。我认为这些模型的脆弱性使得它们作为更复杂发电机预测者或解释者的有效性实际上是无用的。
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English: Imaging changes in molecular geometries on their natural femtosecond
timescale with sub-Angstrom spatial precision is one of the critical challenges
in the chemical sciences, since the nuclear geometry changes determine the
molecular reactivity. For photoexcited molecules, the nuclear dynamics
determine the photoenergy conversion path and efficiency. We performed a
gas-phase electron diffraction experiment using Megaelectronvolt (MeV)
electrons, where we captured the rotational wavepacket dynamics of
nonadiabatically laser-aligned nitrogen molecules. We achieved an unprecedented
combination of 100 fs root-mean-squared (RMS) temporal resolution and
sub-Angstrom (0.76 {\AA}) spatial resolution that makes it possible to resolve
the position of the nuclei within the molecule. In addition, the diffraction
patterns reveal the angular distribution of the molecules, which changes from
prolate (aligned) to oblate (anti-aligned) in 300 fs. Our results demonstrate a
significant and promising step towards making atomically resolved movies of
molecular reactions.
Chinese: 在分子几何结构自然飞秒时间尺度上，以亚埃米空间精度进行成像，是化学科学中的一个关键挑战，因为核几何结构的变化决定了分子的反应活性。对于光激发分子，核动力学决定了光能转换路径和效率。我们进行了一项使用兆电子伏特（MeV）电子的气相电子衍射实验，其中我们捕捉到了非绝热激光对齐氮分子的旋转波包动力学。我们实现了前所未有的100飞秒均方根（RMS）时间分辨率和亚埃米（0.76埃）空间分辨率的组合，这使得能够解析分子内核的位置。此外，衍射图案揭示了分子的角分布，这种分布从椭球（对齐）变为扁球（反对齐），时间仅为300飞秒。我们的结果展示了对分子反应进行原子级解析电影的重要且富有前景的步骤。
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English: We present the calculation of the $\mathcal{O}(\alpha_s^2 C_F T_F)$ massive
quark corrections to the soft function for the double hemisphere jet mass
distribution in $e^+ e^-$ collisions, a necessary ingredient for the
calculation of several event shape distributions at N${}^3$LL order. Using the
mass as an infrared regulator allows us to derive an expression for the
massless momentum space limit, which has not been given so far in the
literature. Furthermore, we compute the corresponding corrections in the soft
function for thrust, the most prominent projection of the double hemisphere
mass distribution. Finally we give expressions for the corresponding renormalon
subtractions in the gap scheme.
Chinese: 我们展示了在 $e^+ e^-$ 碰撞中，对于双半球喷注质量分布的软函数，$\mathcal{O}(\alpha_s^2 C_F T_F)$ 重质量夸克修正的计算，这是计算 N${}^3$LL 阶下多种事件形状分布所必需的组成部分。利用质量作为红外调节器使我们能够导出无质量动量空间极限的表达式，这在文献中尚未给出。此外，我们计算了双半球质量分布最突出的投影——推力——的软函数中的相应修正。最后我们给出了在间隙方案中相应重整子扣除的表达式。
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