text string | annotation string | sft_text string | label int64 | verdict_type string | verdict_score float64 | verdict_why string | example_id string | source_id string | source_row_index int64 | source_sha256 string | generation_model_src string | ground_truth string | expert_majority_vote string | annotator_comments list | generation_model string |
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The vast majority of Earth's oceans remain unexplored, with their depths holding countless mysteries and untold scientific discoveries. While advanced submersibles and sophisticated equipment have helped researchers study deep-sea environments, the high costs of such technology—often running into millions of dollars—ha... | The vast majority of Earth's oceans remain unexplored, with their depths holding countless mysteries and untold scientific discoveries. While advanced submersibles and sophisticated equipment have helped researchers study deep-sea environments, the high costs of such technology—often running into millions of dolla... | <text>The vast majority of Earth's oceans remain unexplored, with their depths holding countless mysteries and untold scientific discoveries. While advanced submersibles and sophisticated equipment have helped researchers study deep-sea environments, the high costs of such technology—often running into millions of... | 1 | AI | 0.89 | I am confident this is AI-generated. The formulaic sentence structure in the first paragraph, and the way someone is always explaining or noting something, make it read like a template. There are several lists here; all the paragraphs and sentences are around the same length; and a lot of the article has its words push... | 236 | 26 | 236 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | claude | AI-generated | Machine-Generated | [
"Almost all of the names used in the article are variations of names that I’ve seen AI use before. It also mentions very interesting stuff like previously undocumented deep-sea creatures but fails to expand on this or mention any specifics, which is common with AI.",
"There are several lists here, which are trade... | gpt-5.4 |
Between themed TV specials, novelty candy flavors and the pageantry of the mass-produced costume, Halloween has become so thoroughly Americanized that we often forget the holiday grew from much more far-flung, and much more ancient, roots. Costumed trick-or-treating takes its inspiration from the Celtic holiday Samhain... | Between themed TV specials, novelty candy flavors and the <span>pageantry<annotation why="There’s a richness of language here, with a descriptive and unusual word" type="human" score="0.73" /></span> of the mass-produced costume, Halloween has become so thoroughly <span>Americanized<annotation why="This is an opinion-b... | <text>Between themed TV specials, novelty candy flavors and the <span>pageantry<annotation why="There’s a richness of language here, with a descriptive and unusual word" type="human" score="0.73" /></span> of the mass-produced costume, Halloween has become so thoroughly <span>Americanized<annotation why="This is an opi... | 0 | human | 0.85 | This text comes across as primarily human. There’s a richness of language, a variety of sentence types and lengths, and some sentences are almost too wordy and long, yet judicious use of punctuation means the piece is informative without being overwhelming or tedious. It feels more colloquial than AI, with contractions... | 22 | 45 | 22 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | gpt-4o | Human-written | Human-Generated | [
"The writer’s general attitude towards Halloween’s trick or treating “begging for treats”, “even poor adults would sometimes beg”, and the quote of it being “a mild kind of blackmail” is much too cynical for AI. The article also feels too well-written for AI with phrases like “to emerge and stalk the earth for one ... | gpt-5.4 |
NASA announced more delays Thursday in sending astronauts back to the moon more than 50 years after Apollo. Administrator Bill Nelson said the next mission in the Artemis program -- flying four astronauts around the moon and back – is now targeted for April 2026. It had been on the books for September 2025, after slipp... | NASA announced <span>more delays Thursday in sending astronauts back to the moon more than 50 years<annotation why="the two ‘more than’s’ in the first sentence were one of the things that made this look human-generated" type="human" score="0.44" /></span> after Apollo. Administrator Bill Nelson said the next mission in... | <text>NASA announced <span>more delays Thursday in sending astronauts back to the moon more than 50 years<annotation why="the two ‘more than’s’ in the first sentence were one of the things that made this look human-generated" type="human" score="0.44" /></span> after Apollo. Administrator Bill Nelson said the next miss... | 0 | human | 0.89 | I see no signs of AI. I am confident this is human-written: the article doesn’t skim out on details, its format and writing style is straight to the point, with sentences that are declarative and simple. It gives credit when needed, uses more paraphrases than direct quotes, and does not try to impose any symbolic or su... | 120 | 0 | 120 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | humanized_o1-pro | Human-written | Human-Generated | [
"The punctuation at the beginning of the article is quite strange and makes me think it’s probably a human error. Human articles are also more likely to use expressions like “it’s on the books”.",
"I see no signs of AI.\nThe repetition of “agonizing” and the use of unusual words like “rip pff” and “bumps” suggest... | gpt-5.4 |
Nintendo has thrilled gamers around the globe by revealing plans to open a new museum in Kyoto, Japan, honoring the extensive history of video games. The museum, set to be a paradise for nostalgic enthusiasts and intrigued visitors alike, will include interactive displays, gaming memorabilia, areas for workshops, and l... | Nintendo has thrilled gamers around the globe by revealing plans to open a new museum in Kyoto, Japan, honoring the extensive history of video games. The museum, set to be a paradise for nostalgic enthusiasts and intrigued visitors alike, will include interactive displays, gaming memorabilia, areas for workshops, and l... | <text>Nintendo has thrilled gamers around the globe by revealing plans to open a new museum in Kyoto, Japan, honoring the extensive history of video games. The museum, set to be a paradise for nostalgic enthusiasts and intrigued visitors alike, will include interactive displays, gaming memorabilia, areas for workshops,... | 1 | AI | 0.91 | This is AI-generated because the quotations alone contain clear indicators: stock connective wording, ‘crucial’, and a distracting mix of speech tags where ‘said’ is repeatedly replaced with remarked, stated, emphasized, noted, and more. The article relies on extensive lists, complex but formulaic sentence patterns wit... | 183 | 34 | 183 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | paraphrased_gpt-4o | AI-generated | Machine-Generated | [
"This article is clearly AI-generated based on the quotations alone, which contain clear AI indicators, including the phrase “not only... but also” and the word “crucial”. I’ve also noticed that AI articles tend to heavily vary how they describe quotes. Most human-generated articles generally use “said”. AI article... | gpt-5.4 |
Q: I can never figure out how best to time my meals with my workouts. Should I be eating before I exercise or after? We’ve all been there: It’s 6 p.m. and you just got home from work. You want to go for a run, but you’re hungry. Should you eat dinner first and risk an upset stomach? Or should you run first, with potent... | Q: <span>I can never figure out how best to time my meals with my workouts. Should I be eating<annotation why="there’s a mix in tense in the first sentence, and it tries to engage the audience with questions instead of opening in a formulaic way" type="human" score="0.55" /></span> before I exercise or after? <span>We’... | <text>Q: <span>I can never figure out how best to time my meals with my workouts. Should I be eating<annotation why="there’s a mix in tense in the first sentence, and it tries to engage the audience with questions instead of opening in a formulaic way" type="human" score="0.55" /></span> before I exercise or after? <sp... | 0 | human | 0.65 | This feels human-written overall. The introduction and initial relatable first paragraph do not fit the usual AI style: it tries to engage the audience with questions, keeps a conversational tone, and even opens some sentences with conjunctions. The paragraphing and sentence types are varied, the punctuation breaks lon... | 43 | 14 | 43 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | paraphrased_gpt-4o | Human-written | Human-Generated | [
"The introduction doesn’t fit the AI style and neither does the initial relatable first paragraph. The way the author says “we’ve all been there” is a much more common style in human writing. I’ve also found that AI articles tend to have a multitude of “human” experts while references to other sources (in this case... | gpt-5.4 |
On an ordinary day, beachcombers roaming the rocky shores of Newfoundland can hope to find treasures like mermaid’s purses, barnacle shells and a rainbow’s worth of sea-polished glass fragments. The oddest thing might be the occasional moose teeth, tools or even a doll’s head. Weird, white mystery blobs are another mat... | On an ordinary day, beachcombers roaming the rocky shores of Newfoundland can hope to find treasures like mermaid’s purses, barnacle shells and a rainbow’s worth of sea-polished glass fragments. The oddest thing might be the occasional moose teeth, tools or even a doll’s head. Weird, white mystery blobs are another mat... | <text>On an ordinary day, beachcombers roaming the rocky shores of Newfoundland can hope to find treasures like mermaid’s purses, barnacle shells and a rainbow’s worth of sea-polished glass fragments. The oddest thing might be the occasional moose teeth, tools or even a doll’s head. Weird, white mystery blobs are anoth... | 0 | human | 0.88 | This is human-written. It uses “said” throughout rather than cycling through synonyms, and all ideas are ascribed to their sources. It breaks the flow with short snappy sentences and is overall too well written to be machine-generated: the organization and story-telling mechanics are strong, the language is precise and... | 104 | 14 | 104 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | o1-pro | Human-written | Human-Generated | [
"The article uses “said” throughout rather than cycling through synonyms. It also breaks the flow with short snappy sentences and is overall too well written to be machine-generated.",
"There are several unusual ways of saying things here that sound human: “indisputably blobby”, “the ocean was a little frisky”, “... | gpt-5.4 |
An estimated 300 to 350 million people worldwide are affected by colorblindness, a condition that makes it difficult to distinguish between certain hues. In nature, this means flowers, insects and animals may appear to be less vibrant. The differences can be especially pronounced during leaf-peeping season, when the le... | An estimated 300 to 350 million people worldwide are affected by colorblindness, a condition that makes it difficult to distinguish between certain hues. In nature, this means <span>flowers, insects and animals<annotation why="Missing Oxford comma; AI probably would have picked this up, and the inconsistency with the u... | <text>An estimated 300 to 350 million people worldwide are affected by colorblindness, a condition that makes it difficult to distinguish between certain hues. In nature, this means <span>flowers, insects and animals<annotation why="Missing Oxford comma; AI probably would have picked this up, and the inconsistency with... | 0 | human | 0.78 | I see no signs of AI here. The quotes feel quite natural, especially because they’re taken from park statements, apps, and clinics rather than exclusively doctors named Emily. There are a couple of errors that AI probably would have picked up, including the missing and inconsistent Oxford comma and the uncapitalized qu... | 26 | 53 | 26 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | gpt-4o | Human-written | Human-Generated | [
"Normally I consider “vibrant” to be an AI word. However, considering this article is about colourblindness, it’s more understandable for it to be used here. The quotes feel quite natural, especially the fact that they’re taken from park statements, apps, and clinics rather than exclusively doctors named Emily. I p... | gpt-5.4 |
As a child, the cookbook author Lesley Enston learned maybe the most important lesson about pepper sauce from her uncle Richard in Trinidad and Tobago: Be very careful when handling Scotch bonnet chiles. “I will always remember coming back to the house in Princes Town and finding him on the couch with his hands up in t... | As a child, the cookbook author Lesley Enston learned maybe the most important lesson about pepper sauce from her uncle Richard in Trinidad and Tobago: <span>Be very careful when handling Scotch bonnet chiles.<annotation why="the introduction pulls you in by opening with a vivid warning instead of a self-contained summ... | <text>As a child, the cookbook author Lesley Enston learned maybe the most important lesson about pepper sauce from her uncle Richard in Trinidad and Tobago: <span>Be very careful when handling Scotch bonnet chiles.<annotation why="the introduction pulls you in by opening with a vivid warning instead of a self-containe... | 0 | human | 0.84 | This feels human-written. Because of the topic and tone written, it reads like one you’d find in your online local newspaper from a reporter. Sentence length varies throughout each section and the paragraphs vary too, with sentences of different styles rather than a more textbook standard structure. The narrative style... | 12 | 25 | 12 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | gpt-4o | Human-written | Human-Generated | [
"A hot sauce bearing the name of a person’s drag persona feels way too creative for AI to have come up with it. The same goes for a person covering their hands in Vaseline after handling chillies. The introduction pulls you in and the conclusion is somewhat humorous, pointing to human writing. AI sentences tend to ... | gpt-5.4 |
"In the center of Scranton, Pennsylvania, a city better known for its industrial heritage than its f(...TRUNCATED) | "In the center of Scranton, Pennsylvania, a city better known for its industrial heritage than its f(...TRUNCATED) | "<text>In the center of Scranton, Pennsylvania, a city better known for its industrial heritage than(...TRUNCATED) | 1 | AI | 0.87 | "The core parts of this article are AI-generated, though it contains a lot of human-edits to counter(...TRUNCATED) | 196 | 47 | 196 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | paraphrased_gpt-4o | AI-generated | Machine-Generated | ["The article has way too many experts/relevant people who they can quote including a local historia(...TRUNCATED) | gpt-5.4 |
"On the rugged shores of New Zealand’s southeastern coast, the yellow-eyed penguin, or **hoiho**, (...TRUNCATED) | "On the <span>rugged<annotation why=\"the adjective here points more toward human-generated text\" t(...TRUNCATED) | "<text>On the <span>rugged<annotation why=\"the adjective here points more toward human-generated te(...TRUNCATED) | 1 | AI | 0.78 | "There are some human-looking touches here, like the adjective choice, the use of contractions, a co(...TRUNCATED) | 265 | 55 | 265 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | o1-pro | AI-generated | Machine-Generated | ["The article cycles through synonyms like “explains”, “notes”, and “says” which is a co(...TRUNCATED) | gpt-5.4 |
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